To explore how yeast cells metabolize glucose, investigators use a DNA microarray to examine the effect the sugar has on the expression of a variety of genes. Cultured yeast cells are supplemented with high concentrations of glucose. mRNAs are extracted from the cells, converted into cDNAs, and labeled with a fluorescent marker. The samples are then hybridized to a DNA microarray that includes probes representing yeast genes. Shown here is a data set representing genes involved in ribosome biogenesis and electron transport. Red indicates that supplementing the growth medium with glucose has increased the expression of the genes, whereas green indicates that the added glucose has decreased gene expression. ribosome biogenesis electron-transport chain Based on this data, what can be concluded about how yeast cells behave when grown in the presence of high concentrations of glucose? Choose one: Yeast cells consume large amount of oxygen as they break down glucose. Yeast cells are able to extract the maximum amount of energy from glucose via oxidative phosphorylation. Yeast cells exposed to high concentrations of glucose grow by fermentation. Yeast cells grow poorly in high concentrations of glucose. Yeast cells shut down protein synthesis when grown in the presence of high concentrations of glucose.
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Suman K.
Assume a culture of wild-type yeast cells is growing in an abundant respiratory energy source with abundant oxygen available. Under these conditions, ATP generation is being synthesized effectively via mitochondrial respiration. Assume this same culture of yeast cells was treated with an appropriate dose of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) that led to a noticeable change in mitochondrial matrix pH. What would you hypothesize would happen to the flow of electrons through the electron transport system (ETS) if the DNP started to impact mitochondria? Yeast cells can be spread onto medium containing glucose at an appropriate cell number so as to produce mostly single colonies. It has been noted that some cells produce colonies of yeast that are larger (referred to as grande) while other cells produce smaller colonies (referred to as petite). While colony size can be affected by many factors, in the context of mitochondrial function, what statement in the available answers best describes the underlying reason why some cells produce so-called 'petite' colonies relative to other cells that produce 'grande' colonies?
Josee P.
The entire genome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been sequenced. This sequencing has led to the identification of all the open reading frames (ORFs, gene-size sequences with appropriate translational initiation and termination signals) in the genome. Some of these ORFs are previously known genes with established functions; however, the remainder are unassigned reading frames (URF). To deduce the possible functions of the URFs, they are being systematically, one at a time, converted into null alleles by in vitro knockout techniques. The results are as follows: 15 percent are lethal when knocked out. 25 percent show some mutant phenotype (altered morphology, altered nutrition, and so forth). 60 percent show no detectable mutant phenotype at all and resemble wild type. Explain the possible molecular-genetic basis of these three mutant categories, inventing examples where possible.
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