Transcription & Translation
A ________ is a segment of DNA that contains information for or "codes" for a particular RNA molecule or protein. In the process of ________, the information contained in the base sequence of a gene is copied in the form of ________. Genes contain three regions: ________, ________, and ________ regions. In prokaryotes, the promoter contains ________ & ________ boxes that are required for initiation of transcription. ________ binds to these regions of the promoter, recruiting RNA polymerase to the gene. In eukaryotes, the basal transcription machinery binds to the ________ box within the promoter. The formation of mRNA, a single stranded/double stranded (circle one) molecule, is catalyzed by ________. Transcription of a eukaryotic gene is terminated when the ________ signal is transcribed. In prokaryotes, transcription and translation (the production of ________) is simultaneous whereas in eukaryotes, the mRNA is first ________. In eukaryotic mRNA, ________ are removed and a 5' ________ is added for ________ recognition. Multiple proteins may be produced from a single eukaryotic pre-mRNA due to ________.
In the process of translation, protein is produced by ________ found in the cytoplasm or associated with the ________. ________s bring the correct amino acids to the ribosomes by complimentary bonding between this molecule's ________ and the codon of mRNA. The same tRNA can bind to multiple codons by "wobbling" at the ________ base position. The process of protein production is catalyzed by ________. In translation initiation, the ________ ribosomal subunit the mRNA and binds. A tRNA with the amino acid ________ "sticks" to the ________ codon. The large ribosomal subunit then assembles with the starter tRNA in the A/P/E site (circle one). Another tRNA enters the A/P/E site (circle one), bringing with it the correct amino acid. A ________ bond is formed between the amino acid that just entered the ribosome and the amino acid held by the starter tRNA in the process of ________. The ribosome then ________ and the tRNA now without an amino acid enters the A/P/E site (circle one). With the next translocation, a new tRNA enters the A/P/E site (circle one), the growing polypeptide chain attached to the tRNA in the A/P/E site (circle one) is transferred the new tRNA and the tRNA without an amino acid in the A/P/E (circle one) leaves the ribosome. This process is repeated until a ________ codon is reached which causes a ________ factor to bind to the A site. The newly made protein and ribosomal subunits are then released/disassemble. In the process of translation, single/multiple (circle one) molecules of a particular protein can be made from an mRNA molecule.
Cells look/act differently from other cell types within an organism due to ________ expression. Expression of particular genes is influenced by multiple factors. One of which is ________ remodeling. If a gene is in a region that is condensed/de-condensed (circle one) it has the potential to be transcriptionally active. The enzyme ________ adds ________ to histone groups to loosen the chromatin structure, making that region be active/inactive (circle one) transcriptionally. ________ removes the histone