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Step 1: Eukaryotic chromosomes have multiple points of origin for replication due to their larger size, allowing for faster replication of the entire chromosome. Show more…
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DNA replication of the bacterial chromosome occurs in both directions away from the replication origin. Consider the orientation (5-prime to 3-prime; 3-prime to 5-prime) of both DNA strands. Which is the leading strand? Which is the lagging strand? A. leading: 5-prime to 3-prime; lagging: 3-prime to 5-prime B. leading: 3-prime to 5-prime; lagging: 5-prime to 3-prime C. It's a trick question! DNA polymerase can add nucleotides in both directions, so there is no such thing as leading and lagging strands. What distinguishes the sugar of a DNA monomer from the sugar of an RNA monomer? A. Addition of a nitrogenous base to the 1' carbon of the sugar. B. Addition of a hydroxyl group (-OH) to the 2' carbon of the sugar. C. Removal of a nitrogenous base from the 1' carbon of the sugar. D. Removal of a hydroxyl group (-OH) from the 2' carbon of the sugar. The direct method of terminating DNA replication in bacteria with a circular genome is best described as: A. Sequence dependent, in other words, there is a "terminating" sequence analogous to the initiating sequence OriC. B. Sequence independent, in other words, DNA replication is terminated when the replication forks meet. C. A replication fork trap. D. A cis-acting termination sequence called ter is reached. Select all TRUE statements about chromosome inversions. A. May lead to copy number variants (CNV). B. Will likely affect the gametes, but not necessarily the individual. C. Inversions include the movement of a chromosomal segment to a new location in the genome. D. Inversions on the X chromosome may result in the "Fragile X syndrome." Down's syndrome is associated with which karyotype? A. Trisomy 19 B. Trisomy 21 C. Only one X chromosome D. Two X and one Y chromosome
Sri K.
Several enzymes participate in the replication of the main chromosome in E. coli. During elongation the DNA at a replication fork will be unwound by the enzyme . In front of the replication fork, the topoisomerase cuts both DNA strands, relieving the torsional tension of the nearby unwinding. At a given origin of replication we find (one/ two) replication fork(s) with both a strand and a lagging strand. The lagging strand is also called because its synthesis occurs in many small pieces. Each of these small fragments needs its own primer, which will be deposited by the enzyme . Each primer is elongated by the enzyme , which adds nucleotides to its (3'/ 5') end. One such fragment that includes a primer and the DNA nucleotides added to it is called a(n) fragment. Each individual fragment on the lagging strand thus grows (toward/ away from) the replication fork. As the replication fork advances, new template becomes available, and a new primer will be deposited closer to the replication fork. Because of this, the overall growth direction of both new DNA strands will be (toward/ away from) the replication fork. Up to this point the lagging strand is a composite of RNA primers and DNA fragments. The primers are removed by the enzyme , using its (3' to 5'/ 5' to 3') exonuclease activity. The same enzyme inserts DNA nucleotides using its 5' to 3' activity. Finally, the separate fragments will be joined to each other through bonds catalyzed by the enzyme .
Jenny W.
Indicate whether each of the following statements about the structure of DNA is true or false. (Each letter is used to refer to the concentration of that base in DNA.) (a) $A+T=G+C$ (b) $\mathrm{A}=\mathrm{G} ; \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{T}$ (c) $\mathrm{A} / \mathrm{T}=\mathrm{C} / \mathrm{G}$ (d) $\mathrm{T} / \mathrm{A}=\mathrm{C} / \mathrm{G}$ $(\mathrm{e}) \mathrm{A}+\mathrm{G}=\mathrm{C}+\mathrm{T}$ (f) $\mathrm{G} / \mathrm{C}=1$ (g) $\mathrm{A}=\mathrm{T}$ within each single strand. (h) Hydrogen bonding provides stability to the double helix in aqueous cytoplasms. (i) Hydrophobic bonding provides stability to the double helix in aqueous cytoplasms. (j) When separated, the two strands of a double helix are identical. (k) Once the base sequence of one strand of a DNA double helix is known, the base sequence of the second strand can be deduced. (l) The structure of a DNA double helix is invariant. (m) Each nucleotide pair contains two phosphate groups, two deoxyribose molecules, and two bases.
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