Under normal conditions, the only way to increase the amount of oxygen leaving the pulmonary circulation is to reduce heart rate. reduce the metabolic demand of oxygen in the tissues. increase the amount of methemoglobin in the blood. increase cardiac output.
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Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in mammals? right ventricle → pulmonary vein → pulmocutaneous circulation left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → systemic circulation pulmonary artery → vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle pulmonary vein → right atrium → left ventricle → lung capillaries If cardiac stroke volume were to decrease, how would parameters involved in blood pressure homeostasis have to change in order to compensate and keep blood pressure constant? Rate of lung ventilation would have to increase Heart rate would have to decrease Radius of blood vessels would increase Total peripheral resistance would increase
Sri K.
45. Myocardial efficiency will be improved if stroke volume is decreased and/or heart rate is increased for a given workload. 46. When going from moderate levels of exercise (e.g., 30-50% of maximal effort) intensity up to maximal levels of exercise intensity, the observed increase in cardiac output is due to an increase in heart rate. 47. Because hemoglobin is an allosteric protein, the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin and the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin is cooperative (i.e., the binding of oxygen to one heme enhances the binding of oxygen to other hemes and vice-versa, the unloading of oxygen from one heme enhances the unloading of oxygen from other hemes) resulting in a 2-fold increase in the availability of oxygen to muscle tissue; in addition, shifting of the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation (Hb-O2) curve to the right does not affect the amount of oxygen loaded on hemoglobin in the lungs but increases the amount of oxygen released from hemoglobin to the muscle tissue and hence, oxygen availability to the muscle tissue is increased. 48. During exercise at sea level, there is usually not enough time for the complete diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood as well as between the blood and the muscle tissue. 49. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the blood has minimal effects on cardiorespiratory responses or oxygen availability to the muscle tissue. 50. Elevations in altitude above 1,500 meters decrease maximal oxygen uptake rate (VO2max) and consequently hinder endurance performance. 51. Whereas volume of training refers to the percent of a one-repetition maximum that is lifted in strength training or the percent of maximal heart rate in endurance training, intensity of training refers to the number of repetitions per set times the number of sets completed in strength training or the duration or distance in endurance training. 52. According to the Surgeon General's Report, every American should accumulate 20 minutes of vigorous activity most if not all days of the week. 53. According to the American College of Sports Medicine's Position Stand on the recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory fitness, individuals should train 3-5 days per week at 60-90% of heart rate maximum for 20-60 minutes per session.
Adi S.
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