Compare the following methods used by different neurotransmitters: Ligand-gated channels. G-protein-coupled channels. Second messengers (cyclic AMP).
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There are three classes of signal transduction receptors. A – 7-TM (seven-transmembrane receptor) - outline the two main mechanisms that it uses to produce second messenger molecules. B – Two subclasses involve dimerization of subunits upon ligand binding, outline the differences in the propagation of the signal for these two classes of receptors and the type of signaling that predominates. C – Ligand-gated ion channels – briefly describe how these propagate a signal and produce a response in the cell.
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2. Metabotropic Receptors: G-protein Coupled Recptorsa. Explain the structure of G-protein-coupled receptors b. What are the GENERAL steps involved in transmission at these receptors? c. Describe the G-protein-coupled effector systems/pathways d. Explain why ACh slows heart rate. e. Discuss phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of ion channels. In addition, discuss the function of signal cascades and the role of protein phosphatases.
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