00:01
So in order to answer this question, first we have to understand what paralogous genes are.
00:08
And in order to do that, i think it's best to break down the term itself.
00:12
So a little bit of etymological context that might not be clear in this moment is that the word paralogous actually came from the word homologous in that it was sort of like how the term cheeseburger, uses the term hamburger, takes off the first syllable, and adds on the cheese.
00:39
That's basically what peralogus did.
00:42
And for context, just to refresh your memory, the word homologous means same kind, quote unquote.
00:50
So that last stem really just means kind.
00:53
And in this evolutionary or biological context, homologous genes are those that are usually in two different species that can be traced back to a common ancestral gene, and we can see how these genes changed or didn't change in order to make some analyses about evolutionary pressures and the changes in these lineages over time.
01:18
And so now that we have that set down, we can turn our attention.
01:23
To para, the first step, which has many different definitions, the most common being adjacent to or next to.
01:34
But in this context, it actually means something a little different.
01:39
Here, para means distinct from but analogous to.
01:44
That's not used all that often in english, but a good example of a term that uses this, uh, front, this prefix, in a similar way is paramilitary, which refers to forces that act like a nation's military, but aren't officially part of the military.
02:04
That's probably one of the most common uses of that prefix in english, for if that helps you remember an analog for this term.
02:14
So we have here a term that's referring to something that is similar, but distinct from homologous genes.
02:24
What could that mean? and how might we figure out which of our different answer choices are correct? well, if we actually take a look at our options, we can automatically remove options b, c, and d.
02:43
All three of those are related to changes or mutations in the genetic code or in an amino acid sequence that is encoded by a certain gene.
02:57
These aren't, these can be traced back to a number of different events in a phylogenic tree.
03:07
They are more broad examples of evolutionary change.
03:13
And the term that we're looking for is something that will bring us closer to a homologous type situation.
03:22
That's what we're looking for, not a moment of mutation.
03:26
And so with that being said, we have now two options left, a and e.
03:36
So how might we figure out which is which? well, let's go over what happens in each event and what things we tend to use in order to categorize the genes involved.
03:51
So the first example is a speciation event.
03:54
This is the moment when a single ancestral species, here is like a wild cat, let's say, from however many thousands of years ago...