Plateaus after 3 to 5 weeks of training Best single measurement of aerobic fitness Question 3 As submaximal exercise intensity increases, VO₂: increases exponentially decreases proportionally decreases exponentially increases proportionally
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Question 42 An endurance athlete who is looking to improve her cardiorespiratory fitness by optimizing her training also starts taking a drug that inhibits PGC-1α activity, will likely... A. experience a dramatic shift of slow twitch fibers to fast twitch fibers. B. compromise improvements in maximal oxygen uptake. C. compromise improvements in fat oxidation. D. optimize the decrease of the oxygen deficit at the onset of exercise by taking the drug. E. Only B and C are correct. Question 38 Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE regarding the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? The curve shifts to the right during exercise due to a decrease in pH. The curve shifts to the right during exercise due to an increase in temperature. The curve shifts to the left during exercise at altitude. The steep portion of the curve represents a condition where small decreases in PO2 result in rapid offloading of O2 from hemoglobin, which occurs at the tissues. The curve for oxygen-myoglobin dissociation looks different from this curve because myoglobin’s affinity for O2 is greater than hemoglobin. Question 31 Improvements in VO2max within the first week of training can be mostly attributed to an increase in... A. a-v O2 difference. B. mitochondrial density. C. heart rate. D. plasma volume. Question 29 Which is true concerning the partial pressure for oxygen (PO2)? A. Is highest in systemic arteries. B. Is reduced by half in the heart. C. Is lowest in the lungs after inspiration. D. Is lowest in the tissues. E. None of the above are true. Question 30 Which of the following is not a reason stroke volume increases with acute exercise or exercise training? A. Increase preload (EDV). B. Increase plasma volume. C. Increase venous return. D. Increase muscle blood flow. E. Increase afterload or peripheral resistance.
Madhur L.
1. Describe the differences in the following variables between a trained (aerobically) and untrained individual: (1) SV response during incremental exercise; (2) degree of oxygen deficit at the beginning of submaximal aerobic exercise; (3) lactate threshold relative to % VO2 max; (4) HR recovery post exercise; and (5) resting HR. 2. What are the two adjustments the circulatory system makes to help meet the increase O2 demand during exercise? Describe each one in detail. 3. You are administering an incremental exercise test for a subject. What changes do you expect with respect to the following variables (VO2, RER, blood lactate levels, predominant metabolic system, and predominant fuel source) as the test goes on? 4. What are the two factors of exercise that dictate the predominant metabolic system utilized during exercise? Explain how an increase in each of these two factors (separately) would shift the predominant type of metabolism.
45. Myocardial efficiency will be improved if stroke volume is decreased and/or heart rate is increased for a given workload. 46. When going from moderate levels of exercise (e.g., 30-50% of maximal effort) intensity up to maximal levels of exercise intensity, the observed increase in cardiac output is due to an increase in heart rate. 47. Because hemoglobin is an allosteric protein, the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin and the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin is cooperative (i.e., the binding of oxygen to one heme enhances the binding of oxygen to other hemes and vice-versa, the unloading of oxygen from one heme enhances the unloading of oxygen from other hemes) resulting in a 2-fold increase in the availability of oxygen to muscle tissue; in addition, shifting of the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation (Hb-O2) curve to the right does not affect the amount of oxygen loaded on hemoglobin in the lungs but increases the amount of oxygen released from hemoglobin to the muscle tissue and hence, oxygen availability to the muscle tissue is increased. 48. During exercise at sea level, there is usually not enough time for the complete diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood as well as between the blood and the muscle tissue. 49. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the blood has minimal effects on cardiorespiratory responses or oxygen availability to the muscle tissue. 50. Elevations in altitude above 1,500 meters decrease maximal oxygen uptake rate (VO2max) and consequently hinder endurance performance. 51. Whereas volume of training refers to the percent of a one-repetition maximum that is lifted in strength training or the percent of maximal heart rate in endurance training, intensity of training refers to the number of repetitions per set times the number of sets completed in strength training or the duration or distance in endurance training. 52. According to the Surgeon General's Report, every American should accumulate 20 minutes of vigorous activity most if not all days of the week. 53. According to the American College of Sports Medicine's Position Stand on the recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory fitness, individuals should train 3-5 days per week at 60-90% of heart rate maximum for 20-60 minutes per session.
Adi S.
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