QUESTION 1
An MLI blanket is on the east side of a spacecraft. The sun is shining directly on the blanket, and the outer surface is black kapton (α=0.87, ε=0.9). What is the temperature of the outer surface when the solar flux is 1418 W/m^2?
QUESTION 2
A solar array panel has a surface area of 3 m^2. On the sun side, 30% of the sunlight is converted to electrical energy, 40% is absorbed, and 30% is reflected. On the back side, the emissivity is 0.90. Assume no temperature gradient through the panel (front and back are the same temperature). What is the temperature of the panel in the winter?
QUESTION 3
A cylinder 2 m long and a radius of 0.5 m (α=0.3, ε=0.9) is in the winter sun. If the surface is at a uniform temperature, what is that temperature? If the cylinder is facing the sun?
QUESTION 4
A cylinder 2 m long and a radius of 0.5 m (α=0.3, ε=0.9) is in the winter sun. If the surface is at a uniform temperature, what is that temperature if the top is facing the sun?
QUESTION 5
If the outer layer of the blanket is gold kapton with the sun shining directly on the blanket (α=0.3, ε=0.03), what is the temperature of the outer surface when the solar flux is 1418 W/m^2?