Use the following information to answer the next question. Antibiotics are chemicals produced by some micro-organisms to provide a defense against bacterial infection. Many antibiotics block or disrupt one or more stages in protein synthesis by bacteria. A few antibiotics inhibit cell division in bacteria. Some common antibiotics are described below. Antibiotic Description 1. Chloramphenicol Prevents the normal joining of mRNA with ribosomes Inhibits the reaction that leads to the formation of bonds between amino acids 2. Streptomycin Causes misreading of the genetic code in mRNA 3. Puromycin Binds with the amino acid tyrosine and substitutes for the tRNA-tyrosine complex on ribosomes Prevents the further addition of amino acids to a polypeptide when tyrosine is required 4. Actinomycin Binds to DNA nucleotides Inhibits the linking of nucleotides in mRNA or DNA 5. Tetracycline Prevents binding of tRNA to the first codon in a mRNA molecule 6. Mechlorethamine Binds to guanine in cytosine-guanine base pairs ______________________________________________________________ Some antibiotics do not prevent the synthesis of protein by bacterial cells but do cause the cells to produce abnormal proteins. Two such antibiotics are numbered... Question 16Select one: A. 2 and 3 B. 3 and 4 C. 1 and 2 D. 1 and 4
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Macrolides bind to the 23S rRNA in the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and interfere with amino acid entry to the ribosome. Macrolides interfere with: A) Transcription B) DNA synthesis C) Translation D) Membrane integrity Question 3: You use a set of McFarland standards to adjust the concentration of a broth culture to 2.0 McFarland units. Approximately how many cells are present in the diluted culture? A) 3.0 x 108 CFU/ml B) 6.0 x 108 CFU/ml C) 9.0 x 108 CFU/ml D) 12.0 x 108 CFU/ml Question 4: You perform the Kirby Bauer assay using a broth culture of Staphylococcus aureus and a disk containing 10 units of penicillin. After incubation, you determine the zone of inhibition is 20 mm. Compare this value to Table 1: Table of Standard Values: Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Test, which is found in the Kirby Bauer Assay reading PDF. In this assay, S. aureus is _____________ to penicillin A) Resistant B) Intermediate C) Susceptible D) Cannot be determined from this information
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For the next 17 questions match each chemical substance with its description. A. Sulfanilamide B. Nystatin C. Tetracycline D. Penicillin is used for Candida albicans infection of the vaginal tract. is a molecule that blocks tRNA access to the ribosome. its use is restricted in in young children. was the first of the modern chemotherapeutic agents. interferes with folic acid metabolism in susceptible bacteria. retards fungal growth by ergosterol binding. is not produced by a living organism. is a molecule that contains a beta-lactam nucleus. acts by changing the permeability of the fungal cell membrane. prevents the cross-linking of carbohydrates in peptidoglycan in cell walls. resistance is likely due to active efflux. can cause a yellow-gray-brown discoloration of teeth. the selective transport into bacterial cells makes it essentially non-toxic for mitochondrial 70S ribosomes. capable of causing an anaphylactic reaction in sensitive individuals. is an example of a true chemotherapeutic agent. includes semisynthetic derivatives such as amoxicillin and ampicillin. interferes with purine and thymine biosynthesis.
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Figure 15.16 Many antibiotics inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. For example, tetracycline blocks the A site on the bacterial ribosome, and chloramphenicol blocks peptidyl transfer. What specific effect would you expect each of these antibiotics to have on protein synthesis? Tetracycline would directly affect: a. tRNA binding to the ribosome b. ribosome assembly c. growth of the protein chain Chloramphenicol would directly affect a. tRNA binding to the ribosome b. ribosome assembly c. growth of the protein chain
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