What is the driving force of energy production in steps 6 and 7?
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In some eukaryotic cells, the NADH generated by glycolysis in the cytosol is reoxidized by the glycerol phosphate shuttle shown in Figure $10-23$ (a) Write balanced reactions for the reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) to glycerol-3-phosphate (glycerol-3-P) by cytosolic NADH and for the oxidation of glycerol-3-P to DHAP by the FAD-linked glycerol-3-P dehydrogenase in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. (b) Add the two reactions in part a to obtain a summary reaction for the transfer of electrons from cytosolic NADH to mitochondrial FAD. Calculate $\Delta E_{0}^{\prime}$ and $\Delta G^{\circ \prime}$ for this reaction. Is the inward movement of electrons thermodynamically feasible under standard conditions? (c) Write a balanced reaction for the reoxidation of $\mathrm{FADH}_{2}$ by coenzyme $Q$ within the inner membrane, assuming that $\mathrm{CoQ}$ is reduced to $\mathrm{CoQH}_{2}$. Calculate $\Delta E_{0}^{\prime}$ and $\Delta G^{\circ \prime}$ for this reaction. Is this transfer thermodynamically feasible under standard conditions? (d) Write a balanced reaction for the transfer of electrons from cytosolic NADH to mitochondrial CoQ, and calculate $\Delta E_{0}^{\prime}$ and $\Delta G^{\circ}$ for this reaction. Is this transfer thermodynamically feasible under standard conditions? (e) Assume that the $[\mathrm{NADH}] /\left[\mathrm{NAD}^{+}\right]$ ratio in the cytosol is 5.0 and that the $\left[\mathrm{CoQH}_{2}\right] /[\mathrm{CoQ}]$ ratio in the inner membrane is 2.0. What is $\Delta G^{\prime}$ for the reaction in part $d$ at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $\mathrm{pH} 7.0 ?$ (f) Is $\Delta G^{\prime}$ for the inward transfer of electrons from NADH to CoQ affected by the ratio of the reduced to the oxidized forms of the enzyme-bound FAD in the inner membrane? Why or why not?
Josee P.
Adi S.
The electron transfer chain is passed through. The energy of the electron powers the transfer of hydrogen ions across the membrane. The energized electron is collected by pigment molecules in photosystem II and is used to energize light energy. The pigment molecule releases the light energy and is replaced by another electron coming off of an electron. This electron comes from splitting water into oxygen and hydrogen atoms. The hydrogen ions have a higher concentration inside the inner membrane system than outside of it. These hydrogen ions flow through special protein structures in the membrane, which powers the creation of ATP. The electron then passes through a short electron transfer chain. The electron ejected from photosystem combines with NADP+ and a hydrogen ion to form NADPH. Free oxygen is produced as a byproduct. ATP and NADPH are the products of the light reactions of photosynthesis. The table below shows where these molecules are sent next. Destination Product Calvin-Benson Cycle Expelled from the Cell NADPH ATP Oxygen
Shyam P.
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