1. What are the basic differences among pulmonary ventilation, external respiration and internal respiration? 2. Would you expect the concentration of HCO3- to be higher in blood plasma taken from a systemic artery or a systemic vein? 3. What causes oxygen to enter pulmonary capillary from alveoli and to enter tissue cells from systemic capillaries? 4. How does the partial pressure of oxygen change as altitude changes? 5. What are the diffusion paths of oxygen and carbon dioxide during external and internal respiration? 6. What factors affect the rate of diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide? 7. What is the most important factor that determines how much oxygen binds to hemoglobin? 8. The graph below is from question 13 in your biology book (pp 511). Please read the question carefully and answer it. 9. Below is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve. The curve can shift left of right (as shown). What does the shift mean in terms of OXYGEN-HEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE (ALSO CALLED THE OXYHEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE OR OXYGEN DISSOCIATION CURVE)
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Pulmonary ventilation refers to the process of inhaling and exhaling air, which allows for the exchange of gases between the lungs and the atmosphere. External respiration is the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood, while internal respiration is the Show more…
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The statement "We breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide" is wrong. Differentiate between the following pairs on the basis of the aspect given in the brackets: (a) Aerobic and anaerobic respiration (end products of the process) (b) Respiration and photosynthesis (Gas released) (c) Photosynthesis and respiration (Reactants) (d) Inspired air and alveolar air (CO2 content) (e) Respiration and breathing (organs involved) (f) Tidal volume and residual volume (quantity of air) Give suitable explanations for the following: (a) Breathing through the nose is said to be healthier than through the mouth. (b) Why does gaseous exchange continue in the lungs even during expiration ? (c) Why does a person feel breathlessness at higher altitudes ? With regard to the respiratory system and the process of respiration in man, answer the following questions: (a) Name the two muscles that help in breathing. (b) Briefly describe how the above mentioned muscles help in the inspiration of air. (c) Give the overall chemical equation to represent the process of respiration in humans. (d) What is meant by : 1. Residual air 2. Dead air space. Starting from the nostrils, trace the path in sequence which the inspired air takes until it reaches the air sacs. What are the functions of the following in breathing? (a) Ribs, (b) Diaphragm, (c) Abdominal muscles
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Key Concepts to Know: 1) Explain the functions of the respiratory system. 2) Identify the various structures associated with the respiratory system.* 3) Explain how differences in pressure between the atmosphere and lungs account for the flow of air into and out of the lungs. 4) List and explain the clinical measurements of pulmonary ventilation as seen on a spirometer.* 5) Describe the brainstem centers that control breathing and the inputs they receive from other parts of the nervous system. 6) Define partial pressure and explain how it affects diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane. 7) Describe gas exchange in the lungs and systemic capillaries. 8) Describe how O² and CO² are transported in the blood. 9) Explain how CO effects blood transport and blood homeostasis. 10) Explain the effect of blood gases and pH on the respiratory rhythm.
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Internal respiration refers to the exchange of gases between the blood in ____________ capillaries and the tissue fluid. Internal respiration services tissue cells, and without internal respiration, cells could not continue to produce the ____________ that they need as an energy source. Blood in the systemic capillaries is a ____________ color because of the presence of oxyhemoglobin. Oxyhemoglobin gives up ____________ , which diffuses out of the blood into the tissues. Oxygen diffuses out of the blood into the tissues because the ____________ of tissue fluid is lower than that of blood. This is because cells continuously use up ____________ in cellular respiration. ATP Pc?? blue bright red carbon dioxide glucose organ oxygen pulmonary systemic P?? The respiratory system functions in both external and internal respiration. ____________ respiration refers to the exchange of gases between air in the alveoli and blood in the ____________ capillaries. Gases exert pressure, and the amount of pressure each gas exerts is called its ____________ pressure. Compared to atmospheric air, blood in the capillaries has a ____________ partial pressure, therefore, CO2 diffuses out of the blood into the lungs. Most of the CO2 in the blood exists as bicarbonate ions. As free CO2 is exhaled by the lungs, more hydrogen ions combine with bicarbonate to form ____________ . The enzyme ____________ , present in red blood cells, speeds the breakdown of this substance into more CO2 and H2O. External Internal atmospheric carbon monoxide carbonic acid carbonic anhydrase erythrocytic amylase higher lower partial pulmonary thoracic
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