What would the likely results be if the indirect method results would have been released? (i.e. if we treated the patient based on the indirect results) Question 4 options: patient would have been killed patient would have had no affects patient could have experienced hypotension, kidney insufficiency and water loss patient could have experienced tachycardia, irritability, thirst and fatigue
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The indirect method typically measures electrolyte levels or related parameters that can suggest imbalances such as hypernatremia or hyponatremia. Show more…
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A study group of 576 working women $30-49$ years of age who took phenacetin-containing analgesics and a control group of 533 comparably aged women without such intake were identified in 1968 and followed for mortality and morbidity outcomes. One hypothesis to be tested was that phenacetin intake may influence renal (kidney) function and hence have an effect on specific indices of renal morbidity and mortality. The mortality status of these women was determined from 1968 to $1987 .$ The researchers found that 16 of the women in the study group and 1 of the women in the control group died, where at least one cause of death was considered renal [13]. What statistical test should be used to compare the total mortality experience of the study group with that of the control group?
Adi S.
To check pain-relieving medications for potential side effects on blood pressure, it is decided to give equal doses of each of four medications to test subjects. To control for the potential effect of weight, subjects are classified by weight groups. Subjects are approximately the same age and are in general good health. Two subjects in each category are chosen at random from a large group of male prison volunteers. Subjects’ blood pressures 15 minutes after the dose are shown below. Research question: Is mean blood pressure affected by body weight and/or by medication type? Systolic Blood Pressure of Subjects (mmHg) Ratio of Subject’s Weight to Normal Weight Medication M1 Medication M2 Medication M3 Medication M4 Under 1.1 132 147 142 129 133 134 130 126 1.1 to 1.3 137 140 134 128 142 143 148 135 1.3 to 1.5 143 150 148 141 151 158 151 139 Fill in the missing data (Round your table of means values to 1 decimal place, SS and F values to 2 decimal places, MS values to 3 decimal places, and p-values to 4 decimal places.) Table of Means Means: Factor 2 (Medication) Factor 1 (Weight) Med 1 Med 2 Med 3 Med 4 Total 1.1 or Less 1.1 to 1.3 1.3 to 1.5 Total ANOVA TABLE Source SS df MS F p-value Factor 1 (Weight) Factor 2 (Medication) Interaction Error Total Perform Tukey multiple comparison tests. (Input the mean values within the input boxes of the first row and input boxes of the first column. Round your t-values and critical values to 2 decimal places and other answers to 1 decimal place.) Post hoc analysis for Factor 1: Tukey simultaneous comparison t-values (d.f. = 12) 1.1 or Less 1.1 to 1.3 1.3 to 1.5 1.1 or Less 1.1 to 1.3 1.3 to 1.5 Critical values for experimentwise error rate: 0.05 0.01 Post Hoc analysis Factor 2 Tukey simultaneous comparison t-values (d.f. = 12) Med 4 Med 1 Med 3 Med 2 Med 4 Med 1 Med 3 Med 2 Critical values for experimentwise error rate: 0.05 0.01
Sri K.
INTRODUCTION / BACKGROUND This interrupted case study was written to illustrate the integration of several body systems (especially the endocrine and renal systems) and their importance in the progression of disease in the context of an authentic laboratory experience. Katie, an active college sophomore, begins to experience flu-like symptoms. Initially, she thinks that her illness is a result of the stress associated with the rigors of college; however, after visiting her university's health center and subsequent treatment with typical flu remedies, her symptoms worsen and even multiply. This case study was designed for a one-semester, introductory physiology lecture course with laboratory taken mainly by sophomore/junior pre-nursing and health science students. It is expected that students have had prior exposure to renal and endocrine physiology in the lecture component of the course before beginning this case study, which is intended to reinforce what was learned in the lecture. The included answer key gives some explanations that allow this case to be easily adapted for use in a more advanced physiology course for biology students. Given some minor modifications, it could also be used in a non-laboratory setting. Katie's urine "sample" that students are provided is citrus green tea that can be purchased from a grocery store in 16.9 fluid ounce bottles. The tea is poured into a specimen cup before class begins, as to enhance the "authenticity" of the case. Not only does the citrus green tea have a similar color as urine, but the stock solution also turns up positive for glucose (as long as the "diet" version of the drink is not used). This, along with the other abnormal results in the blood test can be added to the "red flag" list on the whiteboard. (Note: it is recommended that students only identify a "positive" test, rather than an actual concentration, since the glucose concentration in the tea will be outside that seen in humans and not realistic.) Additionally, the tea is negative for hemoglobin and the pH and specific gravity falls within normal physiologic ranges for urine. It is possible that students will bring up the fact that specific gravity is abnormal in cases of diabetes with glycosuria. While it is typical that specific gravity would be elevated in cases of glycosuria, these changes do not happen in isolation; that is, despite the glycosuria, Katie's normal urine specific gravity may be because the glycosuria is mild or the polydipsia mentioned in Part II compensated for the urinary loss and actually diluted the urine. Katie specifically states she does not have diabetes. In Part IV, we will find out that she does in fact have diabetes (type II); however, we include Katie's assertion that she does not have the disease as a real-world example that patients often self-diagnose their own medical problems. By including Katie's statement that she doesn't have diabetes in Part I, a discussion may develop in Part IV when she is diagnosed with the disease. Katie's vital signs: Blood pressure 155/92, oral temperature 38.7, heart rate 96, respiratory rate 22, oxygen saturation 97. 1. Based on this new information, identify at least three clinical tests that could elucidate the cause of Katie's illness. Describe what each test might detect. 2. Using terminology of the kidney (filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion), explain how glucose and protein are each processed in the normal kidney. 3. Which of the results from Katie's blood and urine test seem abnormal? If there are abnormalities, what do they indicate? 4. What might glucose in the urine indicate about blood glucose levels? 5. What might occur in the kidney that would cause the presence of protein in the urine? 6. How does glucose and protein in the urine lead to the excessive urine output Katie was experiencing at night? 7. What other symptom does Katie have that also indicates glucose in the urine? 8. What disease or condition do you think Katie may be dealing with? What clinical test(s) would confirm your diagnosis?
Alexander B.
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