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If you're dealing with paleontology, ecology, or just anything that deals with the hypothesis of evolution, then you have probably come across the term derived characteristics.
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Or if you haven't, then i'm going to show you.
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So derived characteristics, if you look at a cladogram, then you will find these derived characteristics.
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Say if we have species a, b, c, and d on this cladogram.
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Right.
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A is the first one.
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And then we get species b, c, and then finally d, as we slowly go through the evolution of these species.
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Well, you will find derived characteristics here, here, and here...