When ECF K+ levels fall below normal, the heart becomes weak, flaccid, and dilated. Question 4Answer True False
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Potassium is crucial for maintaining normal heart function, as it helps regulate heart muscle contractions. Show more…
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Which of the following often occurs in decompensated heart failure? (a) Edema of the heart muscle (b) Increased norepinephrine in cardiac sympathetic nerves (c) Increased calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle cells (d) Decreased right atrial pressure (e) Increased arterial pressure Explain your answer.
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Madhur L.
When a sudden decrease in blood pressure is detected by the body, which of the following occur in an attempt to correct the decrease (that is, to maintain homeostasis)? Choose ALL that apply. - There is a decrease in parasympathetic signaling to the heart. - There is a decrease in action potentials traveling through the accelerator nerve. - There is a decrease in sympathetic signaling to the heart and blood vessels. - There is an increase in sympathetic signaling to the heart but not the blood vessels. - There is an increase in sympathetic signaling to the heart and blood vessels. Which of the following characteristics of cardiac muscle are TRUE? Choose ALL that apply. - They rely on the autonomic nervous system to initiate contraction/depolarization. - They do not have transverse tubules. - The cardiomyocytes are capable of graded contractions/tension development. - They have smaller sarcoplasmic reticuli compared with skeletal muscle cells. - Their mitochondrial volume is large because they are highly aerobic. - They rely entirely on extracellular calcium for force development. Describe and explain what would happen to the pacemaker current and heart rate of this cell if extracellular Na+ concentration was increased (this is called hypernatremia). You must explain your reasoning mechanistically. Which of the following will result from increased sympathetic signaling on contractile cardiomyocytes? Choose ALL that apply. - Slower but stronger contractions of cardiomyocytes. - Increase in Ca2+ entry from the ECF but decreased Ca2+ release by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. - Release of activated phospholamban to inhibit SERCA. - Faster relaxation of the cardiomyocyte. - Phosphorylation of phospholamban resulting in faster activity of SERCA. Intercalated disks are ___________________________. Choose ALL that apply. - The only areas of the myocardial cell membrane where calcium enters the cell. - Found in all striated muscle tissue. - The location of anchoring junctions between adjacent myocardial cells. - Areas of myocardial cell membrane where tight junctions connect adjacent cells. - Areas of myocardial cell membrane where gap junctions connect adjacent cells.
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