Where and when are acute-phase proteins produced? a. Primarily in the liver in response to inflammation b. Primarily in the lungs in response to decreased respiratory rates c. Primarily in the plasma in response to an increase in acidity d. Primarily in mucus in response to defensin production The complement system of defense is composed of proteins that are always present in the blood. Which statement describes the importance of this system in early pathogen defense? a. It does not have to be activated by antibodies. b. It recognizes specific common pathogens. c. It causes immediate pathogen lysis. d. It rapidly lowers the blood pH. Part of the complement system of defense is opsonization. This process: a. Creates an acidic environment that prevents pathogen attachment b. Causes the pathogen to become trapped in mucus. c. Coats the pathogen exterior so that it is recognized by the host's phagocytes. d. Causes holes to form in the pathogen's cell walls.
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35. Which of the following best describes IgM antibodies? A) They are the antibody class found in body secretions. B) They cause basophils and eosinophils to degranulate. C) They can cross the placenta to provide passive immunity. D) They are the most common type of antibody in the blood during the primary phase of the immune response. E) They interact with phagocytes and NK cells. 36. Which of the following choices does NOT describe the body's first line of defense? A) Flushing action of urine. B) The presence of lysosomes in tears that destroys bacteria. C) Phagocytic white blood cells. D) The sebum secreted by sebaceous glands that lowers skin pH. E) The continual shedding of cells carries away microorganisms. 37. What is a large foreign substance which, when introduced into the body, stimulates an immune reaction? A) Antibody. B) Gammaglobulin. C) Hapten. D) Antigen. E) Immunoglobulin. 38. During the flu season, people are encouraged to get vaccinated against the influenza virus. Upon receiving the vaccine, this will provide you with which type of immunity against the flu? A) Natural active immunity. B) Artificial active immunity. C) Natural passive immunity. D) Artificial passive immunity. E) Active passive immunity.
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Which of the following is an antigen presenting cell found in the skin? A. dendritic cell B. CD4+ C. CD8+ D. IL-2 What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria? A. Reduction in lysosome production caused by edema from an influx in sodium. B. Shift of potassium out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure. C. ATP production is compromised. D. Enzymatic digestion halts DNA synthesis. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which an antibody can interact with an antigen? A. agglutination B. precipitation C. neutralization D. cloning E. complement activation Which of the following is/are example(s) of peripheral tolerance for the elimination of auto-reactive T cells? A. all of these B. Apoptosis in the bone marrow C. anergy D. two of these E. action of regulatory (suppressor) T cells In Barrett esophagus, which of the following is typically present? A. colon cancer B. minimal intestinal gas C. inflammation of the intestinal tract D. chronic gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD)
When an essential amino acid is absent from food, the cell channels the available limiting amino acids best to: a. be burned as fuel b. be converted to some other amino acid by transamination c. make new proteins d. be converted to other N-containing compounds such as the vitamins What is the most plausible reason why fatty acids can easily diffuse across the apical membrane of the enterocytes? a. The fatty acids were reorganized to MAGs prior to entry to the cell. b. They all come out of the micelles and have no way to move across the membrane but by ionic diffusion. c. The fatty acids became charged at the unstirred water layer and hence incorporated in the membrane. d. The fatty acids were protonated at the acidic unstirred water layer hence became uncharged. Which is not a fate of dietary cholesterol? a. made into bile, released in the intestines, stored in the gall bladder, recycled in the liver b. made into bile, stored in the gall bladder, released in the intestines, back in circulation and contributes to artery diseases c. made into bile, stored in the gall bladder, released in the intestines, recycled back to the liver
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