Which best describes the protein Notch involved in neurodevelopment: Question 8 options: Transcription Factor Inhibited by Numb Widely distributed throughout entire cell Pro-apoptotic protein Both A and B
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Paracrine factors (choose all that apply) - Are Transcription factors - Are Receptors - Are Soluble - Are Fixed to the cell surface - Are Able to exhibit homophilic binding - Are able to diffuse - Are signaling Molecules - Are inductive factors - Establish morphogenic fields Paracrine factors can (choose all that apply) - dimerize cell surface receptors - diffuse - bind to incompetent cells - Can bind to specific DNA sequences - Stabilize basal transcription factors - Can signal the activation of different genes depending on concentration Juxtracrine factors (choose all that apply) - Can be soluble or insoluble - Are signals that bind to cell surface receptors - Can be glycoproteins or proteoglycans - Can diffuse - Cannot diffuse - Are small peptides A cadherin (choose all that apply) - Is a juxtracrine factor - Require calcium - Exhibit homophilic binding - Give cells of different germ layers differential affinity Choose One for the Following: Fibroblast growth factor is - A paracrine factor Laminin is - A paracrine factor Pax6 is - A transcription factor Jak is a - A signal transduction molecule NGF is a - A paracrine factor A RTK is a - A cell surface receptor Mek is a - A signal transduction molecule Otx2 is a - A transcription factor An integrin is a - A cell surface receptor HSPG is a - A cell surface receptor Fibronectin is a - A paracrine factor
Sri K.
1) Signal transduction pathways are important mechanisms for cell-to-cell communication in multicellular organisms. How do the target cells typically respond when they receive signals from neighboring cells during very early stages of embryo development? a) The target cells move to one of the poles to establish the anterior-posterior body axis. b) The target cells undergo changes in gene expression, sending them down a specific developmental path. c) The target cells stop dividing so the neighboring cells have time to get to the same stage of development. d)The target cells activate a collection of miRNAs to accelerate transcription and cell division. 2) Master regulatory genes play critical roles in development. Predict the MOST likely fate of a fly embryo where master regulatory genes were nonfunctional due to mutation a) Cell division would stop, and the embryo would halt development. b) The embryo would be a collection of undifferentiated cells because they never get the message that will send them down a determination pathway. c) The embryo would be a combination of differentiated and undifferentiated cells because, even in the absence of a functional master regulatory gene, some cells will differentiate on their own. d) The embryo would continue to develop, but there is a high probability that some limbs may end up in the wrong place in the adult. 3) The p53 gene was discovered in 1979, but it was not clear whether the gene functioned as an oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene. Several years later, researchers showed that both p53 alleles are inactivated in some mouse cancers. This evidence suggests a) the p53 gene is an oncogene because inactivated alleles would produce mutated signal transduction proteins that would result in stimulating cell division. b)the p53 gene is an oncogene because the cell would overproduce transcription factors to compensate for the inactive alleles, resulting in increased cell division. c) the p53 gene is a tumor-suppressor gene because inactivated alleles indicate a loss of protein function which allowed cancer to develop. d) the p53 gene is a tumor-suppressor gene because the cell would produce too few transcription factors for gene activation, resulting in decreased cell division.
Crystal W.
Which of the following types of proteins could be coded for by a tumor-suppressor gene? a. a protein that helps prevent apoptosis b. protein that codes for a DNA repair enzyme c. protein that forms part of a growth factor signaling pathway d. protein that functions as a growth factor receptor
Adi S.
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