Which of the following structures does NOT send inputs to the suprachiasmatic nucleus? O intergeniculate leaflet O retinohypothalamic tract O raphe nucleus O geniculostriate system
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20. The trapezoid body is a bundle of axons connecting______. A) left and right auditory nuclei in the brainstem. B) left and right medial geniculate nuclei. C) each superior olivary complex with the left and right inferior colliculi. D) none of the above. 21. The ability to localize sound sources in the vertical plane is enhanced A) by holding you hands "cupped" behind each pinna. B) for sound only for sound frequencies greater than 2,000 Hz. C) for sound frequencies that fit into the "cone of confusion." D) by turning the head sideways so that the eyes are aligned vertically. 22. Recognition of objects by the visual system can be related to the Fourier decomposition of the visual image, according to the following: A) Only the high spatial frequencies are needed to categorize an image as that of a human head. B) Low spatial frequencies alone are sufficient to categorize an image as that of a human head. C) Only the spatial frequencies along the vertical axis are needed. D) The normal horizontal alignment of humans is the essential factor. 23. All the light rays reflected by an external object/scene must pass through ______ in order to produce an image on the retina. A) The extra-ocular canal. B) Cornea as well as the rest of the sclera. C) The aqueous, but not the vitreous humor. D) The aperture formed by the iris muscle. 24. The outer segment of each retinal receptor contains ______ which are combinations of ______. A) photopigment molecules; retinal and opsin B) derivatives of vitamins C and E; bleaching and regeneration C) free nerve endings; neurotransmitters and glutamate D) pheromones; glutamate and GABA 25. Some of the neurons in the visual system respond strongly to lateral motion of an external object. The mechanism that underlies this likely includes: A) some form of lateral inhibition in one direction only. B) inhibitory inputs from the inferior colliculi which contain an ego-centric map of the world. C) excitatory inputs from the pulvinar which is stimulated only by ganglion cells containing melanin. D) none of the above.
Adi S.
6. Which of the following statements about the pupillary light reflex is NOT correct? Axons from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus are part of the optic nerve that terminates on the neurons in the ciliary ganglion. The optic nerve from both eyes project to the pretectum. Pretectum neurons project to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. 7. Which of the following statements about the primary visual pathway is NOT correct? The left lateral geniculate nucleus receives axonal projections from 40% of the right optic nerve and 60% of the left optic nerve. P-cells transmit spatial information: visual acuity (shape, size) and colour (maybe red, orange, yellow, green). M-cells transmit temporal information: aspects of motion such as location, speed and direction. The lateral geniculate nucleus receives input from both eyes, but optic tract axons terminate in separate layers.
In the retina: a) Rods are most concentrated in the center of the retina, while cones are distributed throughout the periphery of the retina. b) Light travels through several cell layers before it reaches the photoreceptors (rods and cones) located at the back of the retina. c) Pigmented epithelium reflects light to scatter it around the retina. d) Not all retinal cells can generate action potentials. e) Light interacts with retinal cells in this order: photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, then retinal ganglion cells. Retinofugal projections – also known as pathways moving from the retina – can follow the traditional pathway to the visual cortex, but can also have offshoots to control other functions related to light perception and vision, including circadian rhythm function, pupillary reflexes, and movement of eye muscles to compensate for head movement in the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Which brain region is responsible for receiving retinal information regarding circadian rhythms? a) Striate cortex of the occipital lobe b) Superior colliculus of the tectum (midbrain) c) Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus d) Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
Keemin L.
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