Which of the reasons below describe why Plausibility is challenging to demonstrate using enly epidemiological studies? You can choose more than oneOPlausibility involves looking at molecules, which is difficult to investigate in human beings OPlausibility requires animal experiments because molecules can only be investigated in animals Plausibility involves looking at molecules, which are only investigated in individuals who have been exposed to toxicantsBecause there are no counterfactuals for PlausibilityInvestigating Plausibility may require looking at organs that are difficult to access in human beings
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When reviewing the body of literature on a particular research topic, experimental studies done using animal models are best suited to explain which of the following criterion of causality? biological plausibility of the disease strength of association between exposure and disease temporality consistency with other knowledge on the disease
Adi S.
A. This criterion requires that exposure precede the onset of disease by a reasonable amount of time. B. This criterion suggests evidence from clinical trials, in vitro experiments, animal models, and so on support for the theory. C. This criterion says an increase in the level, intensity, duration, or total level of exposure to the factor leads to progressive increases in risk. This is in keeping with the general dose-response relationship seen with many biological phenomena. D. This criterion holds that large associations provide firmer evidence of causality than do small ones, and that the most direct measure of association is found in the form of ratio measures of association such as the risk ratio. E. This criterion holds that diverse methods of study carried out in different populations under a variety of circumstances by different investigators providing non-contradictory results. F. The criterion holds that the cause leads to only one disease and that the disease results from this single cause. G. This criterion suggests that all available evidence concerning the natural history and biology of the disease "sticks together" as a whole. By that, the proposed causal relationship should not conflict or contradict information from experimental, laboratory, epidemiologic, theory, or other knowledge sources. Match the causal criteria to the definition. Coherence: G. This criterion suggests that all available evidence concerning the natural history and biology of the disease "sticks together" as a whole. By that, the proposed causal relationship should not conflict or contradict information from experimental, laboratory, epidemiologic, theory, or other knowledge sources. Specificity: F. The criterion holds that the cause leads to only one disease and that the disease results from this single cause. Strength of Association: D. This criterion holds that large associations provide firmer evidence of causality than do small ones, and that the most direct measure of association is found in the form of ratio measures of association such as the risk ratio. Biological Gradient: C. This criterion says an increase in the level, intensity, duration, or total level of exposure to the factor leads to progressive increases in risk. This is in keeping with the general dose-response relationship seen with many biological phenomena. Plausibility: B. This criterion suggests evidence from clinical trials, in vitro experiments, animal models, and so on support for the theory. Consistency: E. This criterion holds that diverse methods of study carried out in different populations under a variety of circumstances by different investigators providing non-contradictory results. Temporality: A. This criterion requires that exposure precede the onset of disease by a reasonable amount of time.
Md.Daniyal A.
Identifying key events in toxicity is important because: a. They identify the precise mechanism of toxicity. b. They occur in animal models but not in human populations. c. They can be used to calculate the NOAEL. d. They point to the selection of biologically relevant dose-response relationships.
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