Why are chloride channels important for neural communication? ā¢ They cause the repolarization phase of the action potential. ā They cause the depolarization phase of the action potential. They cause neural inhibition which helps to reduce and control brain activity. They cause neural excitation which helps to increase brain activity. None of the above; chloride isn't involved in the action potential so it's not important for neural communication.
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Suppose that the chloride equilibrium potential is equal to Vrest. If a neurotransmitter opens chloride channels, would the neuron be excited or inhibited, or would the neurotransmitter have no effect on the neuron? Explain. (This answer may require some thought. Please remember the definitions of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters.)
Adi S.
Calcium is important in the synapse because it is necessary for acetylcholine synthesis, exocytosis of neurotransmitter, binding to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, opening ion channels, and hyperpolarizing the cell. The resting membrane potential results from an uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane and differences in membrane permeability. When comparing action potentials and graded potentials, it should be remembered that action potentials can undergo summation, while graded potentials can undergo summation and have a limited rate due to the refractory period. Before a second action potential can begin, the Na+ and K+ ions that moved in/out of the cell must move back to their original compartments, the Na+ inactivation gate must open and the Na+ activation gate must close.
Shaiju T.
Depolarization If some sort of stimulus is introduced, the nerve cell can begin to "fire." This is called an Action Potential (graphed below). In this process narrow pores called "channels" open in the cell membrane allowing the highly concentrated sodium ions to flow into the cell. g. During depolarization, the influx of sodium ions through the cell wall briefly switches the membrane potential so as to make the inside of the cell roughly 40 mV higher than the extracelluar fluid. How many sodium ions enter the cell as it fires? h. If this influx of sodium ions takes half a millisecond, what is the average current in the sodium ion channel? j. High-resolution measurements have shown that these ion channels can be visualized as a 0.3 nm diameter cylinder extending from the inside to the outside of the cell membrane. The intracellular fluid that fills this cylindrical channel has a resistivity of 0.6 Ī©m. What is the resistance of the ion channel? j. What is the average power dissipated in a channel? Repolarization The depolarization phase now causes potassium (K+) channels to open allowing the high concentration of K+ to flow from the inside to the outside of the cell. Measurements with microelectrodes have shown that a 0.3 nm diameter K+ ion channel carries a current of 1.8 pA. k. How many potassium ions pass through if the ion channel opens for 1 ms? l. What is the average current density in the ion channel? Refractory Period As K+ flows out of the cell, the electric potential across the cell membrane drops and becomes negative again causing the K+ channels to close. In fact, the drop in potential even overshoots the original ā70 mV difference and goes to something nearer to ā80 mV. With the ion channels closed, the much slower process of diffusion returns and the cell gradually returns to a ā70 mV difference.
Sri K.
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