You are currently working in a new microbiology research lab that investigates a new strain of E. coli that can be infected by T4 bacteriophage. However, your research team doesn't know much about viruses and how they infect bacteria or even how they replicate within a host?! Please make sure to explain the answers below. 1. (25 pts) T4 bacteriophages are viruses that have characteristics that make them virulent phages. Explain how the T4 undergoes the LYTIC cycle. How is this different from a LYSOGENIC phage? 2. (25 pts) Please explain the difference between the T4's EARLY and LATE genes. Why are they called these names and what do they produce? 3. (25 pts) Your team is impressed with your knowledge and wants to know more about animal virus replication! To WOW them, you explain coronavirus virus replication (ssRNA virus) vs HIV virus (retrovirus) within an animal cell. 4. (25 pts) Describe a simple experiment that would show a toxin gene (i.e. badA) isolated from a pathogenic bacteria is virulent in a mouse model. Please use a control and/or mutants that may be helpful.
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In the LYTIC cycle, the T4 phage attaches to the host E. coli cell and injects its genetic material (DNA) into the cell. The phage DNA then takes over the host cell's machinery to replicate its own DNA and produce new phage particles. Eventually, the host cell Show more…
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Please select the TRUE statement regarding bacteriophage life cycles. Temperate phages lyse their host cells, whereas lytic phages either lyse their host or integrate their DNA into the host cell's genome. Lytic phages lyse their host cells, whereas temperate phages either lyse their host or integrate their DNA into the host cell's genome. In the bacteriophage life cycle, the entire virus enters the host bacterial cell through a hole in the cell wall. Phage particles seek out their bacterial hosts by means of chemotaxis and then attach to random receptors on the host's cell wall. Question 17 An antibiotic is added to a culture of E. coli, resulting in death of the cells. Bacteriophages specific to E. coli are then added. Would the phages replicate in the E. coli cells? Why or why not? Yes, because the cellular machinery of the bacteria is most likely still active. The bacteriophages could use that machinery to replicate new virus particles. No, because the bacteriophages depend on having the active machinery of a living host cell for replication. Yes, because bacteriophages are capable of reanimating dead cells to force them to produce more virus particles. No, because bacteriophages typically infect viruses, not bacteria.
Adi S.
4. Explain how the process of PCR works. List the reagents involved and how the thermocycler "cycles" to amplify DNA. 5. What is reverse transcriptase? Where is it found, and what is it used for in biotechnology? 6. You have isolated the mRNA for the human insulin gene and reverse transcribed it into cDNA. Explain how you could use this cDNA to make a recombinant plasmid and bacteria to commercially produce insulin to be used as a therapeutic drug. Include all of the following terms in your answer (draw a diagram!): - Insulin gene (cDNA) - Plasmid - Host Cell - Recombinant Plasmid - Selective Media containing antibiotic - DNA Ligase - Sticky Ends - Restriction Enzyme - Sticky Ends Hybridize - Transformation - Selection Using Antibiotic Resistance Gene - Lac Z gene 7. Explain how antibiotic resistance is used in recombinant DNA technology. 8. Explain how the LacZ gene is used in recombinant DNA technology. You LOVE spinach. This morning you heard on the news that E. coli O157:H7 has contaminated 90% of the spinach crops in your area. E. coli O157:H7 is a pathogenic strain of bacteria that has acquired a gene that produces a toxin that gives people hemorrhagic diarrhea. You are bummed because you CAN'T live without your spinach! You recently began working in a lab that has a PCR machine that you can use. Explain how you could use PCR to determine if the spinach you have is infected with E. coli O157:H7 or not. (3 pts)
Shyam P.
Working out the rules by which $\mathrm{T}$ cells interact with their target cells was complicated. Some of the key observations came from studying the way cytotoxic T cells killed cells infected with choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Cytotoxic T cells derived from mice expressing "k-type" class I MHC proteins lysed LCMV-infected cells expressing the same k-type MHC protein, but they did not lyse infected cells from mice expressing "d-type" class I MHC proteins (Figure $Q 24-2$ ). Similarly, cytotoxic T cells from d-type mice lysed infected d-type cells, but not infected k-type cells. LCMV can kill both k-type and d-type mice. A. If homozygous d-type mice were bred to homozygous k-type mice to generate d-type/k-type heterozygous progeny, would you expect that cytotoxic T cells from these heterozygotes, when infected with ICMV, to be able to lyse infected d-type cells? How about infected k-type cells? Explain your answers. B. Oddly enough, ICMV infection does not kill mice that lack a thymus-such as "nude" mice, so called because they also lack hair. If a thymus is transplanted back into a nude mouse, it will die when infected with LCMV. Suppose that a d-type/k-type heterozygous nude mouse was given a thymus from an d-type donor. Would you expect its cytotoxic T cells to be able to lyse infected d-type cells? How about infected k-type cells? Explain your answers.
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