You are given the following Black-Scholes-Merton formula for pricing a European put option on a non-dividend-paying stock:
p = Ke^{-rT} ̦(-d_2) - S_0 ̦(-d_1),
where d_1 = frac{ln(S_0/K) + (r + sigma^2/2)T}{sigmasqrt{T}}, d_2 = d_1 - sigmasqrt{T}, and ̦() is the cumulative distribution function of standard Normal distribution.
(a) Briefly discuss the assumptions behind the Black-Scholes-Merton formula.
(b) Discuss the meanings of the Greeks Δ, Γ, and Α, and determine the signs of Δ and Α for the European put option.
(c) Suppose that an investor currently holds a portfolio of derivatives on the underlying stock, which has Δ = -500, Γ = -2000, and Α = 1000. A traded option is available on the market with Δ_c = 0.5, Γ_c = 1.5, and Α_c = 0.5, as well as another one with Δ_c = -0.25, Γ_c = 1, and Α_c = 0.75. If the investor wants to neutralize all the three Greeks, what would be her position on the two traded options and on the underlying stock?