The present value (PV) of the costs can be calculated using the formula:
PV = Cost / (1 + r)^n
Where:
Cost = $81,000 (cost incurred immediately)
r = 6.5% (cost of capital)
n = 1 (number of years)
PV = 81,000 / (1 + 0.065)^1
PV = 81,000 / 1.065
PV ≈ $76,056.34
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