Summary
This section covers the foundational experiments that established DNA as the genetic material, the double helix structure of DNA, and the processes of transcription and translation that enable protein synthesis. It further explores how gene expression is regulated in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms through operons and complex regulatory mechanisms. Additionally, various mutations—from silent to frameshift—are discussed along with their implications for evolution, disease, and biotechnology applications, including insights into the evolutionary origins of human language.