Chemistry for Changing Times

John W. Hill; Terry W. McCreary; Doris K. Kolb

Chapter 13 Air - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

00:54

Problem 1

List two (former) uses of CFCs.

Rabia Bibi

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01:35

Problem 2

Name one replacement for CFCs. What problems are associated with the replacements?

Rabia Bibi

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03:49

Problem 3

What is bottom ash? What is fly ash? Give two uses for fly ash.

Rabia Bibi

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02:01

Problem 4

Describe how (a) a bag filter and (b) a cyclone separator remove particulates from stack gases.

Lottie Adams

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01:43

Problem 5

Describe the action of a greenhouse gas in terms of how it interacts with sunlight. Give three examples of such gases. What molecular feature of the gas is responsible for this effect?

Rabia Bibi

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02:08

Problem 6

What are the main sources of the three major greenhouse gases that have increased significantly over the past 100 years?

Rabia Bibi

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03:38

Problem 7

What are the health effects of (a) ground-level ozone as an air pollutant and (b) depletion of stratospheric ozone?

Rabia Bibi

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01:39

Problem 8

What is smog?

Rabia Bibi

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01:41

Problem 9

What makes photochemical smog different from industrial smog?

Rabia Bibi

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01:39

Problem 10

A student says that the hole in the ozone layer is the pri mary reason for warming of the Earth because it allows more energy to enter the lower atmosphere. Explain why this is incorrect.

Lottie Adams

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02:20

Problem 11

What is nitrogen fixation? Why is it important?

Rabia Bibi

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01:19

Problem 12

What are the approximate proportions of the four main components of dry air?

Rabia Bibi

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01:20

Problem 13

Look again of Figure $13.1 .$ The $X-15$ was an experimental aircraft tested from 1959 to $1968 .$ One test flew to an altitude of 67 miles. What layer of the atmosphere did the $X-15$ reach?

Lottie Adams

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01:10

Problem 14

Referring to Figure 13.1 , consider a small airplane flying at an altitude of $12,000 \mathrm{ft}$. In what layer of the atmosphere is the plane flying?

Lottie Adams

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01:14

Figure 13.3 shows oxidation of metals as one aspect of the oxygen cycle. Write the balanced equations for (a) the oxidation of aluminum metal by atmospheric oxygen to form aluminum(III) oxide and (b) the oxidation of copper metal to form copper(II) oxide.

Lottie Adams

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01:44

Problem 16

Trace gases in the atmosphere tend to be concentrated at different levels according to molar mass, with the heavier gases closer to the surface and the lighter gases at higher altitudes. Refer to Figure 13.1 and Table $13.1,$ and answer the following. (a) Which of the trace gases listed in Table 13.1 are likely to be found at altitudes above about $40 \mathrm{~km} ?$ (b) Which ones are likely to be found below about $20 \mathrm{~km} ?$ (c) Which gas is most likely to be found in the troposphere?

Lottie Adams

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02:02

Problem 17

What weather conditions are associated with industrial $\operatorname{smog} ?$

Rabia Bibi

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00:51

Problem 18

Name two elements that are reactants in the production of industrial smog.

Rabia Bibi

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01:08

Problem 19

Sulfur is oxidized to sulfur dioxide by atmospheric oxygen.

Rabia Bibi

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00:57

Problem 20

Sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfur trioxide by atmospheric oxygen.

Rabia Bibi

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01:35

Problem 21

Sulfur dioxide reacts with hydrogen sulfide to form elemental sulfur and water.

Rabia Bibi

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01:07

Problem 22

Potassium sulfite is oxidized to potassium sulfate by atmospheric oxygen.

Rabia Bibi

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01:00

Problem 23

Describe how a limestone scrubber removes sulfur dioxide from stack gases. Write the equation(s) for the chemical reaction(s) involved.

Rabia Bibi

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00:41

Problem 24

The major product when burning coal is carbon dioxide. What other harmful products are produced during this process?

Rabia Bibi

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01:02

Problem 25

Under what conditions do nitrogen and oxygen combine? Give the equation for the reaction.

Rabia Bibi

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01:14

Problem 26

What is the formula for the oxide of nitrogen that initiates the formation of photochemical smog?

Rabia Bibi

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02:16

Problem 27

What is PAN? From what is it formed? What are its health effects?

Rabia Bibi

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01:17

Problem 28

Describe two ways in which the level of nitrogen oxide emissions from an automobile can be reduced.

Rabia Bibi

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01:24

Problem 29

Which of the following could be sources of VOCs?
a. leftover oil-based paint
b. a truckload of plastic milk jugs
c. a cracked pipeline carrving crude oil from Alaska

Rabia Bibi

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01:42

Problem 30

An electrostatic precipitator could be useful for reducing soot emitted from a shoe factory but not for reducing noxious vapors from adhesives used in that factory. Explain.

Lottie Adams

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00:55

Problem 31

Which of the following is a free radical? $\mathrm{CO}, \mathrm{SO}_{2}, \mathrm{O}_{3}, \mathrm{NO} ?$

Rabia Bibi

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01:10

Problem 32

A fellow student claims that carbon monoxide has an odor and is colored, because he can easily see and smell automobile exhaust, especially in the winter. How might you correct his misconception?

Lottie Adams

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01:03

Problem 33

How can exposure to carbon monoxide contribute to heart disease?

Rabia Bibi

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00:59

Problem 34

Write the equation for the reaction by which nitric oxide is converted into $\mathrm{NO}_{2}$.

Rabia Bibi

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01:38

Problem 35

converted into $\mathrm{NO}_{2}$
Describe the change in CO emissions over time in the United States. Give a plausible explanation for this pattern.

Lottie Adams

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01:21

Problem 36

Which pollutants are reduced in concentration by a catalytic converter?

Rabia Bibi

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01:52

Problem 37

Oxygen and ozone are the same element in two different forms. What term describes this phenomenon?

Rabia Bibi

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01:19

Problem 38

Seawater contains roughly $30 \mathrm{~g}$ of dissolved sodium chloride per liter. Suggest a reason why seawater is not a potent source of ozone-depleting chlorine atoms.

Lottie Adams

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02:04

Problem 39

What environmental problem arises from the use of CFC substitutes?

Rabia Bibi

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01:41

Problem 40

How are free radicals related to the ozone layer?

Rabia Bibi

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01:58

Problem 41

Give the pollutants that are primarily responsible for tropospheric ozone increases and stratospheric ozone decreases, and distinguish why each of them causes the specified effect.

Lottie Adams

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01:39

Problem 42

Give a medical condition that becomes more prevalent with a decreased ozone layer.

Lottie Adams

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01:06

Problem 43

What two acids are mainly responsible for acid rain?

Rabia Bibi

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01:41

Problem 44

Write the equations for the reaction of each acid in Problem 42 with marble.

Lottie Adams

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00:46

Problem 45

Write the equation for the reaction of nitric acid (from acid rain) with magnesium to form magnesium nitrate and a gaseous product.

Rabia Bibi

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00:52

Problem 46

Acid rain can be formed by the reaction of water with sulfur dioxide to form sulfurous acid. Write the equation for this reaction.

Rabia Bibi

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02:04

Problem 47

Name the main indoor air pollutants. What are their main sources?

Rabia Bibi

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01:33

Problem 48

List three risks associated with secondhand cigarette smoke.

Rabia Bibi

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01:01

Problem 49

Explain why a house built over a crawl space is likely to have less of a radon problem than a house built on a concrete slab.

Rabia Bibi

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01:58

Problem 50

How does better insulation of buildings make indoor air pollution worse?

Lottie Adams

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01:12

Problem 51

What is the physical state of radon, and why does its physical state make it especially hazardous?

Lottie Adams

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00:56

Problem 52

What kind of particulate matter is often found inside homes?

Rabia Bibi

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00:28

Problem 53

What is the greenhouse effect?

Joshua Speer

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02:00

Problem 54

How does carbon dioxide act as a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere?

Rabia Bibi

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01:14

Problem 55

How much does the exhaling of humans affect the carbon dioxide levels of the atmosphere? Think about the source of the carbon in the exhaled gas and how it was produced for human consumption.

Lottie Adams

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01:58

Problem 56

How can global warming be alleviated?

Rabia Bibi

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01:05

Problem 57

By approximately what percent has the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide increased over the past 130 vears?

Rabia Bibi

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00:54

Problem 58

What substance can contain carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for the longest period of time?

Rabia Bibi

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01:21

Problem 59

Why is zero pollution not possible?

Rabia Bibi

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01:19

Problem 60

The atmosphere contains about $5.2 \times 10^{15} \mathrm{t}$ of air. What mass in metric tons of carbon dioxide is in the atmosphere if the concentration of $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ is $394 \mathrm{ppm} ?$

Lottie Adams

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01:18

Problem 61

A person who exercises vigorously several hours a day might take in about $22 \mathrm{~m}^{3}$ of air per day. What mass in milligrams of particulates would the person inhale in a day if the particulate level averages $319 \mu \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{m}^{3} ?$

Lottie Adams

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01:41

Problem 62

A tree $33 \mathrm{~m}$ tall and $0.55 \mathrm{~m}$ in diameter at its base produces about $6.1 \times 10^{4}$ L of oxygen per year. A person who exercises vigorously several hours a day might take in about $22 \mathrm{~m}^{3}$ of air per day. How many people breathing would five such trees supply with oxygen?

Lottie Adams

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01:40

Problem 63

Water vapor is a greenhouse gas that is present in significant concentrations in the Earth's atmosphere. Water is also a product of the combustion of fossil fuels. Why is there little concern about increasing atmospheric water vapor and its contribution to global warming? There is a correlation with water temperature and water vapor concentration, so how does this change affect your analysis?

Lottie Adams

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01:18

Problem 64

Evaluate the claim, "There are more molecules in one breath of air than there are breaths in Earth's entire atmosphere." Use the following information. The total mass of the atmosphere is about $5.2 \times 10^{21} \mathrm{~g}$. The average molecular mass of air is about 29 u. An average breath has a volume of about $0.50 \mathrm{~L}$ and a density of about $1.3 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{L}$.

Lottie Adams

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01:37

Problem 65

Evaluate the claim, "The breath that you just took cor at least one molecule of air that was in the last breath Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama, who died about 400 s See Problem 64 and assume complete mixing of $\mathrm{E}$ atmosphere over 2400 years.

Lottie Adams

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01:24

Problem 66

What is a criteria pollutant? Which of the pollutants in Table 13.3 come mainly from automobiles, and which come mostly from industry?

Lottie Adams

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01:08

Problem 67

The reaction for formation of nitric acid is more complex than that shown in Figure $13.10 .$ In the first step, three molecules of nitrogen dioxide react with a water molecule to form nitric acid and nitrogen oxide. In the second step, the nitrogen oxide is oxidized by atmospheric oxygen to nitrogen dioxide, and then the cycle continues. Write balanced equations representing these two steps.

Lottie Adams

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Problem 68

Although carbon dioxide is the actual greenhouse gas, emissions from the burning of fossil fuels are often reported as gigatons (Gt) of carbon. In 2011 , China emitted 2.7 Gt of carbon while the Unites States released 1.6 Gt of carbon. To what mass in gigatons of $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ do these amounts of carbon correspond?

Ronald Prasad

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01:35

Problem 69

Given the information in Problem 68 and an estimate of population, compare the tons of carbon dioxide released per person in China to that figure for the United States. Comment on this fact in terms of how you might approach U.S. citizens to convince them to reduce their emissions even though China's total emissions are greater than those of the United States.

Lottie Adams

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01:46

Problem 70

Explain why a thermal inversion causes pollution problems.

Lottie Adams

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02:00

Problem 71

The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of $1 \mathrm{~g}$ of the substance by $1{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .$ The specific heat of air varies with temperature and humidity, but for ordinary calculations a value of $1.0 \mathrm{~kJ} /$ $(\mathrm{kg} \mathrm{K})\left(1.0 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg}{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$ is sufficient. The average temperature of Earth according to NASA figures is $15^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ and the mass of Earth's atmosphere is $5.1 \times 10^{18} \mathrm{~kg} .$
(a) How much heat, in kilojoules, is added to the atmosphere for a $1.15^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ increase in temperature? How does this value compare to
(b) the total world annual energy consumption of about $5.0 \times 10^{20} \mathrm{~J} ?(\mathrm{c})$ a hurricane that releases about $2 \times 10^{22} \mathrm{~J} ?$

Lottie Adams

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01:18

Problem 72

Why is it necessary for solvents to be volatile in conventional separation processes? Why isn't it necessary when employing $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ -switching technology?

Lottie Adams

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01:44

Problem 73

Is it preferable to extract oil using switchable-hydrophilicity solvents (SHS) or volatile organic solvents? Why?

Rabia Bibi

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01:20

Problem 74

What are the components used in multiple extractions using SHS technology?

Lottie Adams

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