• Home
  • Textbooks
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Aldehydes and Ketones

Organic Chemistry

T.W. Graham Solomons, Craig B. Fryhle, Scott A. Snyder

Chapter 16

Aldehydes and Ketones - all with Video Answers

Educators


Chapter Questions

31:52

Problem 1

(a) Give IUPAC substitutive names for the seven isomeric aldehydes and ketones with the formula $\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{10} \mathrm{O}$. (b) Give structures and names (common or IUPAC substitutive names) for all the aldehydes and ketones that contain a benzene ring and have the formula $\mathrm{C}_{8} \mathrm{H}_{8} \mathrm{O} .$

Jagdeep Kaur
Jagdeep Kaur
Numerade Educator
09:41

Problem 2

Which compound in each of the following pairs has the higher boiling point? (Answer this problem without consulting tables.)
(a) Pentanal or 1 -pentanol
(b) 2-Pentanone or 2 -pentanol
(c) Pentane or pentanal
(d) Acetophenone or 2 -phenylethanol
(e) Benzaldehyde or benzyl alcohol

Jagdeep Kaur
Jagdeep Kaur
Numerade Educator
31:34

Problem 3

Show how you would synthesize propanal from each of the following:
(a) 1 -propanol and
(b) propanoic acid $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{2} \mathrm{H}\right)$

Jagdeep Kaur
Jagdeep Kaur
Numerade Educator
07:31

Problem 4

Provide the reagents and indicated intermediates in each of the following syntheses.
(a)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (b)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (c)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (d)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (e)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (f)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY)

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
01:30

Problem 5

The reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with a Grignard reagent (Section 12.8 ) is a nucleophilic addition to the carbon-oxygen double bond. (a) What is the nucleophile? (b) The magnesium portion of the Grignard reagent plays an important part in this reaction. What is its function? (c) What product is formed initially? (d) What product forms when water is added?

Nicole Krahulik
Nicole Krahulik
Numerade Educator
05:26

Problem 6

The reactions of aldehydes and ketones with LiAIH $_{4}$ and $\mathrm{NaBH}_{4}$ (Section 12.3 ) are nucleophilic additions to the carbonyl group. What is the nucleophile in these reactions?

Jagdeep Kaur
Jagdeep Kaur
Numerade Educator
02:15

Problem 7

Dissolving formaldehyde in water leads to a solution containing primarily the gem-diol $\mathrm{CH}_{2}(\mathrm{OH})_{2} .$ Show the steps in its formation from formaldehyde.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
04:27

Problem 8

When acetone is dissolved in water containing $^{18} \mathrm{O}$ instead of ordinary $^{16} \mathrm{O}$ (i.e., $\mathrm{H}_{2}^{18} \mathrm{O}$ instead of $\mathrm{H}_{2}^{16} \mathrm{O}$ ), the acetone soon begins to acquire $^{18} \mathrm{O}$ and becomes (EQUATION CAN'T COPY). The formation of this oxygen-labeled acetone is catalyzed by traces of strong acids and by strong bases (e.g., $\mathrm{HO}^{-}$ ). Show the steps that explain both the acid-catalyzed reaction and the base-catalyzed reaction.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
03:40

Problem 9

Write a detailed mechanism for the formation of an acetal from benzaldehyde and methanol in the presence of an acid catalyst.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:43

Problem 10

Shown below is the structural formula for sucrose (table sugar). Sucrose has two acetal groupings. Identify these. (EQUATION CAN'T COPY)

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
03:03

Problem 11

Outline all steps in the mechanism for the formation of a cyclic acetal from acetone and ethylene glycol (1,2-ethanediol) in the presence of anhydrous HCl.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
01:33

Problem 12

What product would be obtained if A were treated with LiAIH $_{4}$ without first converting it to a cyclic acetal?

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:59

Problem 13

(a) Show how you might use a cyclic acetal in carrying out the following transformation: (EQUATION CAN'T COPY)
(b) Why would a direct addition of methylmagnesium bromide to A fail to give B?

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
06:16

Problem 14

Dihydropyran reacts readily with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of anhydrous HCl or $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}$ to form a tetrahydropyranyl (THP) ether: (EQUATION CAN'T COPY)
(a) Write a plausible mechanism for this reaction. (b) Tetrahydropyranyl ethers are stable in aqueous base but hydrolyze rapidly in aqueous acid to yield the original alcohol and another compound. Explain. (What is the other compound?) (c) The tetrahydropyranyl group can be used as a protecting group for alcohols and phenols. Show how you might use it in a synthesis of 5 -methyl- 1,5 -hexanediol starting with 4-chloro- 1 -butanol.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
03:45

Problem 15

Show how you might use thioacetal formation and Raney nickel desulfurization to convert: (a) cyclohexanone to cyclohexane and (b) benzaldehyde to toluene.

Kendrick Buford
Kendrick Buford
Numerade Educator
01:34

Problem 16

(a) Show how you might prepare lactic acid from acetaldehyde through a cyanohydrin intermediate. (b) What stereoisomeric form of lactic acid would you expect to obtain? (EQUATION CAN'T COPY)

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
04:11

Problem 17

In addition to triphenylphosphine, assume that you have available as starting materials any necessary aldehydes, ketones, and organic halides. Show how you might synthesize each of the following alkenes using the Wittig reaction:
(a)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (b)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (c)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (d)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (e)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY)(f)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (g)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY)

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
03:35

Problem 18

Triphenylphosphine can be used to convert epoxides to alkenes-for example, (EQUATION CAN'T COPY) Propose a likely mechanism for this reaction.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
03:02

Problem 19

When benzaldehyde reacts with a peroxy acid, the product is benzoic acid. The mechanism for this reaction is analogous to the one just given for the oxidation of acetophenone, and the outcome illustrates the greater migratory aptitude of a hydrogen atom compared to phenyl. Outline all the steps involved.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
01:59

Problem 20

Give the structure of the product that would result from a Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of cyclopentanone.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:47

Problem 21

What would be the major product formed in the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of 3-methyl-2-butanone?

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
08:29

Problem 22

Give a structural formula and another acceptable name for each of the following compounds:
(a) Formaldehyde
(b) Acetaldehyde
(c) Phenylacetaldehyde
(d) Acetone
(e) Ethyl methyl ketone
(f) Acetophenone
(g) Benzophenone
(h) Salicylaldehyde
(i) Vanillin
(i) Diethyl ketone
(k) Ethyl isopropyl ketone
(1) Diisopropyl ketone
(m)Dibutyl ketone
(n) Dipropyl ketone
(o) Cinnamaldehyde

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
06:13

Problem 23

Write structural formulas for the products formed when propanal reacts with each of the following reagents:
(a) $\mathrm{NaBH}_{4}$ in $\mathrm{MeOH}$
(b) $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{MgBr},$ then $\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}$
(c) LiAIH, then $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$
(d) $\mathrm{Ag}_{2} \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{HO}$
(e) $\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5}\right)_{3} \mathrm{P}^{+}-\overline{\mathrm{C}} \mathrm{H}_{2}$
(f) $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ and $\mathrm{Pt}$
(g)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY)
(h) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathbb{C}-\mathrm{P}\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5}\right)_{3}$
(i) $\mathrm{Ag}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{2}+$
(i) Hydroxylamine
(k) Phenylhydrazine
(l) Cold dilute KMnO $_{4}$
(m)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY)
(n)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY)
(o) $\mathrm{mCPBA}$

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
04:04

Problem 24

Give structural formulas for the products formed (if any) from the reaction of acetone with each reagent in Problem 16.23.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
03:27

Problem 25

What products would be obtained when acetophenone reacts under each of the following conditions? (EQUATION CAN'T COPY)
(a)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (b)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (c)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (d)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (e)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (f)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (g)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY)

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
04:17

Problem 26

Predict the major organic product from each of the following reactions.
(a)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (b)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (c)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (d)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (e)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (f)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY)

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
05:03

Problem 27

Predict the major product from each of the following reactions.
(a)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (b)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (c)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (d)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (e)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY)(f)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (g)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (h)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (i)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY)

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
04:52

Problem 28

Predict the major product from each of the following reactions.
(a)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (b)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (c)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (d)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (e)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY)

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
07:31

Problem 29

Provide the reagents needed to accomplish each of the following transformations.
(a)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (b)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (c)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (d)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (e)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY)(f)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (g)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (h)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY)

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
03:45

Problem 30

Write detailed mechanisms for each of the following reactions.
(a)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (b)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (c)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (d)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY)

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
03:19

Problem 31

Provide the reagents necessary for the following synthesis. (EQUATION CAN'T COPY)

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
03:39

Problem 32

(a) Synthesize phenyl propyl ketone from benzenc and any other needed reagents.
(b) Give two methods for transforming phenyl propyl ketone into butylbenzene.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
06:15

Problem 33

Show how you would convert benzaldehyde into each of the following. You may use any other needed reagents, and more than one step may be required.
(a) Benzyl alcohol
(b) Benzoic acid
(c) Benzoyl chloride
(d) Benzophenone
(e) 1 -Phenylethanol
(f) 3 -Methyl-1-phenyl-1-butanol
(g) Benzyl bromide
(h) Toluene
(i) $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{CH}\left(\mathrm{OCH}_{3}\right)_{2}$
(j) $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{CH}^{18} \mathrm{O}$
(k) $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{CHDOH}$
(1) $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{CH}(\mathrm{OH}) \mathrm{CN}$
(m) $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{NOH}$
(n) $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{NNHC}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5}$
(o) $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CHCH}=\mathrm{CH}_{2}$

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:56

Problem 34

Show how ethyl phenyl ketone (C $_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{COCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$ ) could be synthesized from each of the following:
(a) Benzene
(b) Benzonitrile, $C_{6} H_{5} C N$
(c) Benzaldehyde

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
06:07

Problem 35

Show how benzaldehyde could be synthesized from each of the following:
(a) Benzyl alcohol
(b) Benzoic acid
(c) Phenylethyne
(d) Phenylethene (styrene)
(e) $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{CO}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$
(f) $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{C} \equiv \mathrm{N}$

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
03:56

Problem 36

Give structures for compounds $\mathbf{A}-\mathbf{E}$ (EQUATION CAN'T COPY)

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
01:37

Problem 37

Warming piperonal (Section 16.3 ) with dilute aqueous HCl converts it to a compound with the formula $\mathrm{C}_{7} \mathrm{H}_{6} \mathrm{O}_{3} .$ What is this compound, and what type of reaction is involved?

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
04:55

Problem 38

Starting with benzyl bromide, show how you would synthesize each of the following:
(a)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (b)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (c)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (d)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY)

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
03:05

Problem 39

Compounds A and D do not give positive Tollens' tests; however, compound C does. Give structures for A-D.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
01:41

Problem 40

Dianeackerone is a volatile natural product isolated from secretory glands of the adult African dwarf crocodile. The compound is believed to be a pheromone associated with nesting and mating. Dianeackerone is named after Diane Ackerman, an author in the field of natural history and champion of the importance of preserving biodiversity. The IUPAC name of dianeackerone is 3,7 -diethyl-9-phenylnonan-2-one, and it is found as both the $(35,7 S)$ and $(3 S, 7 R)$ stereoisomers. Draw structures for both stereoisomers of dianeackerone.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:55

Problem 41

Outlined here is a synthesis of glyccraldehyde (Section 5.15 A). What are the intermediates A-C and what stereoisomeric form of glyceraldehyde would you expect to obtain? (EQUATION CAN'T COPY)

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:55

Problem 42

Consider the reduction of $(R)-3$ -phenyl-2-pentanone by sodium borohydride. After the reduction is complete, the mixture is separated by chromatography into two fractions. These fractions contain isomeric compounds, and cach isomer is optically active. What are these two isomers and what is the stereoisomeric relationship between them?

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
03:32

Problem 43

The structure of the sex pheromone (attractant) of the female tsetse fly has been confirmed by the following synthesis. Compound C appears to be identical to the natural pheromone in all respects (including the response of the male tsetse fly). Provide structures for $\mathbf{A}, \mathbf{B},$ and $\mathbf{C}.$
(a)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY)
(b)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY)

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
03:32

Problem 43

The structure of the sex pheromone (attractant) of the female tsetse ty has been confirmed by the following synthesis. Compound $\mathbf{C}$ appears to be identical to the natural pheromone in all respects (including the response of the male tsetse fly). Provide structures for A, B, and C.
(DIAGRAM CAN'T COPY)

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
06:16

Problem 44

Provide reagents that would accomplish each of the following syntheses. Begin by writing a retrosynthetic analysis.
(a)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (b)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY)

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:12

Problem 45

Write a detailed mechanism for the following reaction. (EQUATION CAN'T COPY)

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:26

Problem 46

When (EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (semicarbazide) reacts with a ketone (or an aldehyde) to form a derivative known as a semicarbazone, only one nitrogen atom of semicarbazide acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon atom of the ketone. The product of the reaction, consequently, is (EQUATION CAN'T COPY) rather than (EQUATION CAN'T COPY). What factor accounts for the fact that two nitrogen atoms of semicarbazide are relatively non-nucleophilic?

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
08:22

Problem 47

Dutch clm discase is caused by a fungus transmitted to clm trees by the clm bark bectle. The female bectle, when she has located an attractive elm tree, releases several pheromones, including multistriatin, below. These pheromones attract male beetles, which bring with them the deadly fungus. (EQUATION CAN'T COPY) Treating multistriatin with dilute aqueous acid at room temperature leads to the formation of a product, $\mathrm{C}_{10} \mathrm{H}_{20} \mathrm{O}_{3},$ which shows a strong infrared peak near $1715 \mathrm{cm}^{-1}$. Propose a structure for this product.

Ian Kaigh
Ian Kaigh
Numerade Educator
03:31

Problem 47

Dutch elm disease is caused by a fungus transmitted to elm trees by the elm bark beetle. The female beetle, when she has located an attractive elm tree, releases several pheromones, including multistriatin, below. These pheromones attract male beetles, which bring with them the deadly fungus.
(DIAGRAM CAN'T COPY)
Treating multistriatin with dilute aqueous acid at room temperature leads to the formation of a product, $\mathrm{C}_{10} \mathrm{H}_{20} \mathrm{O}_3$, which shows a strong infrared peak near $1715 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$. Propose a structure for this product.

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
02:53

Problem 48

The following structure is an intermediate in a synthesis of prostaglandins $$\mathrm{F}_{2 \alpha}$$ and $\mathrm{E}_{2}$ by E. J. Corey (Harvard University). A Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction was used to form the (E)-alkene. Write structures for the phosphonate ester and carbonyl reactant that were used in this process. (Note: The carbonyl component of the reaction included the cyclopentyl group.) (EQUATION CAN'T COPY)

Grigoriy Sereda
Grigoriy Sereda
Numerade Educator
03:04

Problem 49

Compounds $\mathbf{W}$ and $\mathbf{X}$ are isomers; they have the molecular formula $\mathrm{C}_{9} \mathrm{H}_{8} \mathrm{O}$. The IR spectrum of each compound shows a strong absorption band near $1715 \mathrm{cm}^{-1}$. Oxidation of either compound with hot, basic potassium permanganate followed by acidification yields phehalic acid. The 'H NMR spectrum of W shows a multiplet at $\delta 7.3$ and a singlet at $\delta$ 3.4. The 'H NMR spectrum of X shows a multiplet at $\delta 7.5,$ a triplet at $\delta 3.1,$ and a triplet at $\delta 2.5$ Propose structures for $\mathbf{W}$ and $\mathbf{X}$.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:36

Problem 50

Compounds $\mathbf{Y}$ and $\mathbf{Z}$ are isomers with the molecular formula $\mathrm{C}_{10} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}$. The IR spectrum of each compound shows a strong. absorption band near $1710 \mathrm{cm}^{-1} .$ The 'H NMR spectra of $\mathrm{Y}$ and $\mathrm{Z}$ are given in Figs. 16.4 and $16.5 .$ Propose structures for $\mathrm{Y}$ and $\mathrm{Z}.$ (FIGURE CAN'T COPY) (FIGURE CAN'T COPY)

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
01:56

Problem 51

Compound $\mathbf{A}\left(\mathrm{C}_{9} \mathrm{H}_{18} \mathrm{O}\right)$ forms a phenylhydrazone, but it gives a negative Tollens' test. The IR spectrum of A has a strong band near $1710 \mathrm{cm}^{-1}$. The broadband proton-decoupled $^{13} \mathrm{C}$ NMR spectrum of $\mathrm{A}$ is given in Fig. $16.6 .$ Propose a structure for $\mathrm{A}$.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
00:56

Problem 52

Compound $\mathbf{B}\left(\mathrm{C}_{8} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{2}\right)$ shows a strong carbonyl absorption in its IR spectrum. The broadband proton-decoupled $^{13} \mathrm{C}$ NMR At a pressure of 1 atm, liquid helium boils at $4.20 \mathrm{K}$. The latent heat of vaporization is $20.5 \mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{kg} .$ Determine the entropy change (per kilogram) of the helium resulting from vaporization.

Sheh Lit Chang
Sheh Lit Chang
University of Washington
02:11

Problem 53

For each of the following questions, please provide a route that could reasonably be expected to convert the starting material into the final product. In each case, more than one reaction is required, and reactions you have learned in previous chapters may be needed to solve the problem.
(a)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (b)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (c)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (d)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY)

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
05:26

Problem 54

For each of the following, identify the product (represented by $\mathbf{A}, \mathbf{B}, \mathbf{C},$ and $\mathbf{D}$ ) that would be formed through the indicated sequence of steps from the given starting material.
(a)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (b)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (c)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (d)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY)

Matthew Lueckheide
Matthew Lueckheide
Numerade Educator
07:14

Problem 55

Working backwards, deduce the starting material that led to the indicated product through the defined reactions.
(a)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY) (b)(EQUATION CAN'T COPY)

Zubair Abdulla
Zubair Abdulla
Numerade Educator
01:42

Problem 56

(a) What would be the frequencies of the two absorption bands expected to be most prominent in the infrared spectrum of 4-hydroxycycloheptanone (C)? (b) In reality, the lower frequency band of these two is very weak. Draw the structure of an isomer that would exist in equilibrium with $\mathbf{C}$ and that explains this observation.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
04:07

Problem 57

One of the important reactions of benzylic alcohols, ethers, and esters is the ease of cleavage of the benzyl-oxygen bond during hydrogenation. This is another example of "hydrogenolysis," the cleavage of a bond by hydrogen. It is facilitated by the presence of acid. Hydrogenolysis can also occur with strained-ring compounds. On hydrogenation of compound $\mathbf{D}$ (sce below) using Raney nickel catalyst in a dilute solution of hydrogen chloride in dioxane and water, most products have a 3,4 -dimethoxyphenyl group attached to a side chain. Among these, an interesting product is $E$, whose formation illustrates not only hydrogenolysis but also the migratory aptitude of phenyl groups. For product E, these are key spectral data: MS $(m / z): 196.1084$ (M $^{\pm}$, at high resolution), 178 IR $\left(\mathrm{cm}^{-1}\right): 3400$ (broad), 3050,2850 (CH $_{3}$ - O stretch) $^{1} \mathrm{HNMR}\left(\delta, \text { in } \mathrm{CDCl}_{3}\right): 1.21(\mathrm{d}, 3 \mathrm{H}, \mathrm{J}=7 \mathrm{Hz}), 2.25(\mathrm{s}, 1 \mathrm{H}), 2.83(\mathrm{m}, 1 \mathrm{H}), 3.58(\mathrm{d}, 2 \mathrm{H}, \mathrm{J}=7 \mathrm{Hz}), 3.82(\mathrm{s}, 6 \mathrm{H}), 6.70(\mathrm{s}, 3 \mathrm{H})$ What is the structure of compound E?
(EQUATION CAN'T COPY)

Madeline Currie
Madeline Currie
Numerade Educator
02:27

Problem 57

One of the important reactions of benzylic alcohols, ethers, and esters is the ease of cleavage of the benzyl-oxygen bond during hydrogenation. This is another example of "hydrogenolysis," the cleavage of a bond by hydrogen. It is facilitated by the presence of acid. Hydrogenolysis can also occur with strained-ring compounds.
On hydrogenation of compound $\mathbf{D}$ (see below) using Rancy nickel catalyst in a dilute solution of hydrogen chloride in dioxane and water, most products have a 3,4 -dimethoxyphenyl group attached to a side chain. Among these, an interesting product is E, whose formation illustrates not only hydrogenolysis but also the migratory aptitude of phenyl groups. For product E, these are key spectral data:
MS (m/2): $196.1084\left(\mathrm{M}^{\ddagger}\right.$, at high resolution), 178
IR ( $\mathrm{cm}^{-1}$ ): 3400 (broad), $3050,2850\left(\mathrm{CH}_3-\mathrm{O}\right.$ stretch)
${ }^1 \mathrm{H}$ NMR ( $\delta$, in $\mathrm{CDCl}_3$ ): $1.21(\mathrm{~d}, 3 \mathrm{H}, \mathrm{J}=7 \mathrm{~Hz}), 2.25(\mathrm{~s}, 1 \mathrm{H}), 2.83(\mathrm{~m}, 1 \mathrm{H}), 3.58(\mathrm{~d}, 2 \mathrm{H}, \mathrm{J}=7 \mathrm{~Hz}), 3.82(\mathrm{~s}, 6 \mathrm{H}), 6.70(\mathrm{~s}, 3 \mathrm{H})$.
What is the structure of compound $\mathbf{E}$ ?

Grigoriy Sereda
Grigoriy Sereda
Numerade Educator