Chapter Questions
Which of the following is a benefit of gas exchange in air compared with gas exchange in water? (a) air has a higher concentration of molecular oxygen (b) oxygen diffuses more slowly in air (c) no energy is required for ventilation (d) moist respiratory surface is not needed (e) air is denser than water
Which of the following are accurately matched? (a) bony fish-operculum (b) insect-alveoli (c) bird-spiracles(d) aquatic mammal-gill filaments (e) shark - dermal gills
The most efficient vertebrate respiratory system is that of (a) amphibians (b) birds (c) reptiles (d) mammals (e) humans
In a bird, the correct sequence for a breath of air is: $1 .$ anterior air sacs $2 .$ posterior air sacs $3 .$ parabronchi $4 .$ alveoli(a) 1,2,4 (b) 2,1,3 (c) 2,3,1(d) 2,4,1(e) 1,3,2
Which sequence most accurately describes the flow of air in the human respiratory system? 1. pharynx 2. bronchus 3. trachea4. larynx 5 . alveolus $6 .$ bronchiole(a) 4,1,3,2,5,6$\}$(b) 1,4,3 $2,5,6(c) 4,1,3,2,6,5$(d) 1,4,3,2,6,5(e) 1,3,4,2,6,5
The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs with each normal resting breath is the (a) vital capacity (b) residual volume (c) vital volume (d) partial pressure (e) tidal volume
According to Fick's law of diffusion, a gas will diffuse faster if the (a) surface is reduced (b) difference in pressure is decreased(c) difference in pressure is increased (d) pH is lowered (e) a and c
The concentration of which substance is most important in regulating the rate of respiration? (a) chloride ions(b) oxygen (c) bicarbonate ions (d) nitrogen (e) carbon dioxide
When a diver ascends too rapidly, (a) bronchial constriction occurs (b) a diving reflex is activated (c) nitrogen rapidly bubbles out of solution in the body fluids (d) nitrogen hypoxia occurs (e) carbon dioxide bubbles damage the alveoli
Which of the following is not true of the diving reflex?(a) breathing stops (b) the heart slows (c) less blood is distributed to the muscles (d) metabolic rate increases by about $20 \%$ (e) energy consumption decreases
Draw and label a diagram illustrating the sequence of structures through which inhaled air travels to reach the alveoli.
What are the advantages of having millions of alveoli rather than a pair of simple, balloonlike lungs?
Look at Figure $46-10 b .$ How would strenuous muscle activity affect the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? (Hint: How does muscular activity affect pH? See Chapter 40 if you need to review this concept.)
What problems would be faced by a terrestrial animal having gills instead of lungs?
Under what conditions might it be advantageous for a fish to have lungs as well as gills? What function do the "lungs" of modern fishes serve?
Aquatic mammals such as whales and dolphins use lungs rather than gills for gas exchange. Propose a hypothesis to explain why.
Tobacco smoking is extremely expensive to our society in economic and health costs as well as in human suffering. How would you solve the tobacco smoking problem? How would you specifically target young people?