Chemistry Matter and Change

Thandi Buthelezi, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl Wistrom, Dinah Zike

Chapter 13

Gases - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Assume that the temperature and the amount of gas are constant in the following problems.
The volume of a gas at 99.0 $\mathrm{kPa}$ is 300.0 $\mathrm{mL} .$ If the pressure is increased to 188 $\mathrm{kPa}$ , what will be the new volume?

Anna Miller

Anna Miller

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Problem 2

Assume that the temperature and the amount of gas are constant in the following problems.
The pressure of a sample of helium in a $1.00-\mathrm{L}$ container is 0.988 atm. What is the new pressure if the sample is placed in a $2.00-\mathrm{L}$ container?

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 3

Assume that the temperature and the amount of gas are constant in the following problems.
Challenge Air trapped in a cylinder fitted with a piston occupies 145.7 $\mathrm{mL}$ at 1.08 atm pressure. What is the new volume when the piston is depressed, increasing the pressure by 25$\% ?$

Anna Miller

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Problem 4

Assume that the pressure and the amount of gas remain constant in the following problems.
What volume will the gas in the balloon at right occupy at 250 $\mathrm{K?}$

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 5

Assume that the pressure and the amount of gas remain constant in the following problems.
A gas at $89^{\circ}$ occupies a volume of 0.67 $\mathrm{L}$ . At what Celsius temperature will the volume increase to 1.12 $\mathrm{L} ?$

Anna Miller

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Problem 6

Assume that the pressure and the amount of gas remain constant in the following problems.
The Celsius temperature of a 3.00-$\mathrm{L}$ sample of gas is lowered from $80.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $30.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. What will be the resulting volume of this gas?

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 7

Assume that the pressure and the amount of gas remain constant in the following problems.
Challenge A gas occupies 0.67 $\mathrm{L}$ at 350 $\mathrm{K}$ . What temperature is required to reduce the volume by 45$\% ?$

Anna Miller

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Problem 8

Assume that the volume and the amount of gas are constant in the following problems.
The pressure in an automobile tire is 1.88 atm at $25.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .$ What will be the pressure if the temperature increases to $37.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 9

Assume that the volume and the amount of gas are constant in the following problems.
Helium gas in a 2.00-L cylinder is under 1.12 atm pressure. At $36.5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ , that same gas sample has a pressure of 2.56 atm. What was the initial temperature of the gas in the cylinder?

Anna Miller

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Problem 10

Assume that the volume and the amount of gas are constant in the following problems.
Challenge If a gas sample has a pressure of 30.7 $\mathrm{kPa}$ at $0.00^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ by how many degrees Celsius does the temperature have to increase to cause the pressure to double?

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 11

Assume that the amount of gas is constant in the following problems.
A sample of air in a syringe exerts a pressure of 1.02 atm at $22.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . The syringe is placed in a boiling-water bath at $100.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . The pressure is increased to 1.23 atm by pushing the plunger in, which reduces the volume to 0.224 $\mathrm{mL} .$ What was the initial volume?

Anna Miller

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Problem 12

Assume that the amount of gas is constant in the following problems.
A balloon contains 146.0 $\mathrm{mL}$ of gas confined at a pressure of 1.30 atm and a temperature of $5.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . If the pressure doubles and the temperature decreases to $2.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ what will be the volume of gas in the balloon?

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 13

Assume that the amount of gas is constant in the following problems.
Challenge If the temperature in the gas cylinder at right increases to $30.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and the pressure increases to 1.20 atm, will the cylinder's piston move up or down?

Anna Miller

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Problem 14

State the relationship among pressure, temperature, and volume of a fixed amount of gas.

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 15

Explain Which of the three variables that apply to equal amounts of gases are directly proportional? Which are inversely proportional?

Anna Miller

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Problem 16

Analyze A weather balloon is released into the atmosphere. You know the initial volume, temperature, and air pressure. What information will you need to predict its volume when it reaches its final altitude? Which law would you use to calculate this volume?

Ronald Prasad

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Problem 17

Infer why gases such as the oxygen used at hospitals are compressed. Why must compressed gases be shielded from high temperatures? What must happen to compressed oxygen before it can be inhaled?

Anna Miller

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Problem 18

Calculate A rigid plastic container holds 1.00 L of methane gas at 660 torr pressure when the temperature is $22.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . How much pressure will the gas exert if the temperature is raised to $44.6^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ?

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 19

Design a concept map that shows the relationships among pressure, volume, and temperature in Boyle's, Charles's, and Gay-Lussac's laws.

Ronald Prasad

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Problem 20

What size container do you need to hold 0.0459 mol of $\mathrm{N}_{2}$ gas at STP?

Ronald Prasad

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Problem 21

How much carbon dioxide gas, in grams, is in a 1.0-L balloon at STP?

Anna Miller

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Problem 22

What volume in milliliters will 0.0092 g of $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ gas occupy at STP?

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 23

What volume will 0.416 $\mathrm{g}$ of krypton gas occupy at STP?

Anna Miller

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Problem 24

Calculate the volume that 4.5 $\mathrm{kg}$ of ethylene gas $\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{4}\right)$ will occupy at STP.

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 25

Challenge A flexible plastic container contains 0.860 g of helium gas in a volume of 19.2 L. If 0.205 g of helium is removed at constant pressure and temperature, what will be the new volume?

Anna Miller

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Problem 26

Determine the Celsius temperature of 2.49 mol of a gas contained in a 1.00-L vessel at a pressure of 143 kPa

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 27

Calculate the volume of a 0.323-mol sample of a gas at 265 K and 0.900 atm.

Anna Miller

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Problem 28

What is the pressure, in atmospheres, of a 0.108 -mol sample of helium gas at a temperature of $20.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ if its volume is 0.505 L?

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 29

If the pressure exerted by a gas at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ in a volume of 0.044 L is 3.81 atm, how many moles of gas are present?

Anna Miller

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Problem 30

Challenge An ideal gas has a volume of 3.0 L. If the number of moles of gas and the temperature are doubled, while the pressure remains constant, what is the new volume?

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 31

Explain why Avogadro's principle holds true for gases that have small particles and for gases that have large particles.

Anna Miller

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Problem 32

State the equation for the ideal gas law.

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 33

Analyze how the ideal gas law applies to real gases using the kinetic-molecular theory.

Anna Miller

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Problem 34

Predict the conditions under which a real gas might deviate from ideal behavior.

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 35

List common units for each variable in the ideal gas law.

Anna Miller

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Problem 36

Calculate A 2.00-L flask is filled with propane gas $\left(C_{3} H_{8}\right)$ at a pressure of 1.00 atm and a temperature of $-15.0^{\circ} C .$ What is the mass of the propane in the flask?

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 37

Make and Use Graphs For every $6^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$ drop in temperature, the air pressure in a car's tires goes down by about 1 psi $(14.7$ psi $=1.00$ atm). Make a graph illustrating the change in tire pressure from $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $-20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ (assume 30.0 psi at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ).

Ronald Prasad

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Problem 38

How many liters of propane gas $\left(\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{8}\right)$ will undergo complete combustion with 34.0 $\mathrm{L}$ of oxygen gas?

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 39

Determine the volume of hydrogen gas needed to react completely with 5.00 L of oxygen gas to form water.

Anna Miller

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Problem 40

What volume of oxygen is needed to completely combust 2.36 $\mathrm{L}$ of methane gas $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{4}\right) ?$

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 41

Challenge Nitrogen and oxygen gases react to form dinitrogen oxide gas $\left(\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right) .$ What volume of $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ is needed to produce 34 L of $\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ ?

Anna Miller

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Problem 42

Ammonium nitrate is a common ingredient in chemical fertilizers. Use the reaction shown to calculate the mass of solid ammonium nitrate that must be used to obtain 0.100 L of dinitrogen oxide gas at STP.
$$\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{NO}_{3}(\mathrm{s}) \rightarrow \mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{g})+2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{g})$$

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 43

When solid calcium carbonate $\left(\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}\right)$ is heated, it decomposes to form solid calcium oxide $(\mathrm{CaO})$ and carbon dioxide gas $\left(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\right)$ . How many liters of carbon dioxide will be produced at STP if 2.38 $\mathrm{kg}$ of calcium carbonate reacts completely?

Anna Miller

Numerade Educator

Problem 44

When iron rusts, it undergoes a reaction with oxygen to form iron(lli) oxide.
$$4 \mathrm{Fe}(\mathrm{s})+3 \mathrm{O}_{2}(\mathrm{g}) \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{Fe}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}(\mathrm{s})$$
Calculate the volume of oxygen gas at STP that is required to completely react with 52.0 g of iron.

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 45

Challenge An excess of acetic acid is added to 28 g of sodium bicarbonate at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 1 atm pressure. During the reaction, the gas cools to $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . What volume of carbon dioxide will be produced? The balanced equation for the reaction is shown below.
$$\mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}(\mathrm{aq})+\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}(\mathrm{aq}) \rightarrow \mathrm{NaCH}_{3} \mathrm{COO}(\mathrm{aq})+\mathrm{CO}_{2}(\mathrm{g})+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{I})$$

Anna Miller

Numerade Educator

Problem 46

Explain When fluorine gas combines with water vapor, the following reaction occurs.
$$2 \mathrm{F}_{2}(\mathrm{g})+2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{g}) \rightarrow \mathrm{O}_{2}(\mathrm{g})+4 \mathrm{HF}(\mathrm{g})$$
If the reaction starts with 2 L of fluorine gas, how many many many liter vapor react with the fluorine, and how many liters of oxygen and hydrogen fluoride are produced?

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 47

Analyze Is the volume of a gas directly or inversely proportional to the number of moles of a gas at constant temperature and pressure? Explain.

Anna Miller

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Problem 48

Calculate One mole of a gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L at STP. Calculate the temperature and pressure conditions needed to fit 2 mol of a gas into a volume of 22.4 L.

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 49

Interpret Data Ethene gas $\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{4}\right)$ reacts with oxyen to form carbon dioxide and water. Write a balanced equation for this reaction, then find the mole ratios of substances on each side of the equation.

Anna Miller

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Problem 50

State Boyle's law, Charles's law, Gay-Lussac's law, and the combined gas law in words and equations.

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 51

If two variables are inversely proportional, what happens to the value of one as the value of the other increases?

Anna Miller

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Problem 52

If two variables are directly proportional, what happens to the value of one as the value of the other increases?

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 53

List the standard conditions for gas measurements.

Anna Miller

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Problem 54

Identify the units most commonly used for $P, V,$ and $T$

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 55

Use Charless law to determine the accuracy of the data plotted in Figure 13.13 .

Ronald Prasad

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Problem 56

Weather Balloons A weather balloon is filled with helium that occupies a volume of $5.00 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{L}$ at 0.995 atm and $32.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . After it is released, it rises to a location where the pressure is 0.720 atm and the temperature is $-12.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . What is the volume of the balloon at the new location?

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 57

Use Boyles, Charless, or Gay-Lussac's law to calculate the missing value in each of the following.
a. $V_{1}=2.0 \mathrm{L}, P_{1}=0.82 \mathrm{atm}, V_{2}=1.0 \mathrm{L}, P_{2}=?$
b. $V_{1}=250 \mathrm{mL}, T_{1}=?, V_{2}=400 \mathrm{mL}, T_{2}=298 \mathrm{K}$
c. $V_{1}=0.55 \mathrm{L}, P_{1}=740 \mathrm{mm} \mathrm{Hg}, V_{2}=0.80 \mathrm{L}, P_{2}=?$

Anna Miller

Numerade Educator

Problem 58

Hot-Air Balloons A sample of air occupies 2.50 $\mathrm{L}$ at a temperature of $22.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . What volume will this sample occupy inside a hot-air balloon at a temperature of $43.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$ Assume that the pressure inside the balloon remains constant.

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

Numerade Educator

Problem 59

What is the pressure of a fixed volume of hydrogen gas at $30.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ if it has a pressure of 1.11 atm at $15.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Anna Miller

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Problem 60

A sample of nitrogen gas is transferred to a larger flask, as shown in Figure $13.14 .$ What is the pressure of nitrogen in the second flask?

Ronald Prasad

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Problem 61

State Avogadros principle.

Anna Miller

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Problem 62

State the ideal gas law.

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 63

What volume is occupied by 1 $\mathrm{mol}$ of a gas at STP? What volume does 2 mol occupy at STP?

Anna Miller

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Problem 64

Define the term ideal gas, and explain why there are no true ideal gases in nature.

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 65

List two conditions under which a gas is least likely to behave ideally.

Anna Miller

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Problem 66

What units must be used to express the temperature in the equation for the ideal gas law? Explain.

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 67

Home Fuel Propane $\left(\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{8}\right)$ is a gas commonly used as a home fuel for cooking and heating.
a. Calculate the volume that 0.540 mol of propane occu- pies at STP.
b. Think about the size of this volume and the amount of propane that it contains. Why do you think propane is usually liquefied before it is transported?

Anna Miller

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Problem 68

Careers in Chemistry A physical chemist measured the lowest pressure achieved in a laboratory - about $1.0 \times 10^{-15} \mathrm{mm}$ Hg. How many molecules of gas are present in a 1.00 -L sample at that pressure if the samples temperature is $22.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

Numerade Educator

Problem 69

Calculate the number of moles of $\mathrm{O}^{2}$ gas held in a sealed, $2.00-\mathrm{L}$ tank at 3.50 atm and $25.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . How many moles would be in the tank if the temperature was raised to $49.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and the pressure remained constant?

Anna Miller

Numerade Educator

Problem 70

Perfumes Geraniol is a compound found in rose oil that is used in perfumes. What is the molar mass of geraniol if its vapor has a density of 0.480 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{L}$ at a temperature of $260.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and a pressure of 0.140 atm?

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 71

Find the volume that 42 g of carbon monoxide gas occupies at STP.

Anna Miller

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Problem 72

Determine the density of chlorine gas at $22.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 1.00 atm.

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 73

Which of the gases in Figure 13.15 occupies the greatest volume at STP? Explain your answer.

Ronald Prasad

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Problem 74

If the containers in Figure 13.15 each hold $4.00 \mathrm{L},$ what is the pressure inside each? Assume ideal behavior.

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 75

A 2.00 - -flask is filled with ethane gas $\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{6}\right)$ from a small cylinder, as shown in Figure $13.16 .$ What is the mass of the ethane in the flask?

Ronald Prasad

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Problem 76

What is the density of a sample of nitrogen gas $\left(\mathrm{N}_{2}\right)$ that exerts a pressure of 5.30 atm in a 3.50 -L container at $125^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ?

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 77

How many moles of helium gas (He) would be required to fill a $22-$ L container at a temperature of $35^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and a pressure of 3.1 atm?

Anna Miller

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Problem 78

Before a reaction, two gases share a container at a temperature of 200 $\mathrm{K}$ . After the reaction, the product is in the same container at a temperature of 400 $\mathrm{K} .$ If both $V$ and $P$ are constant, what must be true of $n$ ?

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 79

Why must an equation be balanced before using it to determine the volumes of gases involved in a reaction?

Anna Miller

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Problem 80

It is not necessary to consider temperature and pressure when using a balanced equation to determine relative gas volume. Why?

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 81

What information do you need to solve a volume-mass problem that involves gases?

Anna Miller

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Problem 82

Explain why the coefficients in a balanced chemical equation represent not only molar amounts but also relative volumes for gases.

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 83

Do the coefficients in a balanced chemical equation represent volume ratios for solids and liquids? Explain.

Anna Miller

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Problem 84

Ammonia Production Ammonia is often formed by reacting nitrogen and hydrogen gases. How many liters of ammonia gas can be formed from 13.7 L of hydrogen gas at $93.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and a pressure of 40.0 $\mathrm{kPa}$ ?

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 85

A 6.5 -L sample of hydrogen sulfide is treated with a catalyst to promote the reaction shown below.
$$2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{S}(\mathrm{g})+\mathrm{O}_{2}(\mathrm{g}) \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{g})+2 \mathrm{S}(\mathrm{s})$$
If the $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{S}$ reacts completely at 2.0 atm and $290 \mathrm{K},$ how much water vapor, in grams, is produced?

Anna Miller

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Problem 86

To produce 15.4 $\mathrm{L}$ of nitrogen dioxide at 310 $\mathrm{K}$ and $2.0 \mathrm{atm},$ how many liters of nitrogen gas and oxygen gas are required?

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 87

Use the reaction shown below to answer these questions.
$$2 \mathrm{CO}(\mathrm{g})+2 \mathrm{NO}(\mathrm{g}) \rightarrow \mathrm{N}_{2}(\mathrm{g})+2 \mathrm{CO}_{2}(\mathrm{g})$$
a. What is the volume ratio of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide in the balanced equation?
b. If 42.7 g of CO is reacted completely at STP, what volume of $\mathrm{N}_{2}$ gas will be produced?

Anna Miller

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Problem 88

When 3.00 L of propane gas is completely combusted to form water vapor and carbon dioxide at $350^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 0.990 atm, what mass of water vapor results?

Ma Ednelyn Lim

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Problem 89

When heated, solid potassium chlorate $\left(\mathrm{KClO}_{3}\right)$ decomposes to form solid potassium chloride and oxygen gas. If 20.8 $\mathrm{g}$ of potassium chlorate decomposes, how many liters of oxygen gas will form at STP?

Ronald Prasad

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Problem 90

Acetylene The gas acetylene, often used for welding, burns according to the following equation.
$$2 \mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{2}(\mathrm{g})+5 \mathrm{O}_{2}(\mathrm{g}) \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{g})+4 \mathrm{CO}_{2}(\mathrm{g})$$
If you have a 10.0 -L tank of acetylene at $25.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 1.00 atm pressure, how many moles of $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ will be produced if you burn all the acetylene in the tank?

Ronald Prasad

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Problem 91

Gaseous methane $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{4}\right)$ undergoes complete combustion by reacting with oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide and water vapor.
a. Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
b. What is the volume ratio of methane to water in this reaction?

Anna Miller

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Problem 92

Calculate the amount of water vapor, in grams, contained in the vessel shown in Figure 13.17

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 93

Television Determine the pressure inside a television picture tube with a volume of 3.50 L that contains $2.00 \times 10^{-5}$ g of nitrogen gas at $22.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ .

Anna Miller

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Problem 94

Determine how many liters 8.80 $\mathrm{g}$ of carbon dioxide gas would occupy at:
a. STP
b. $160^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 3.00 atm
c. 288 $\mathrm{K}$ and 118 $\mathrm{kPa}$

Ronald Prasad

Numerade Educator

Problem 95

Oxygen Consumption If 5.00 L of hydrogen gas, measured at a temperature of $20.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and a pressure of 80.1 $\mathrm{kPa}$ , is burned in excess oxygen to form water, what mass of oxygen will be consumed? Assume temperature and pressure remain constant.

Anna Miller

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Problem 96

A fixed amount of oxygen gas is held in a $1.00-\mathrm{L}$ tank at a pressure of 3.50 atm. The tank is connected to an empty 2.00-L tank by a tube with a valve. After this valve has been opened and the oxygen is allowed to flow freely between the two tanks at a constant temperature, what is the final pressure in the system?

Jennifer Hudspeth

Jennifer Hudspeth

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Problem 97

If 2.33 L of propane at $24^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 67.2 $\mathrm{kPa}$ is completely burned in excess oxygen, how many moles of carbon dioxide will be produced?

Anna Miller

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Problem 98

Respiration A human breathes about 0.50 L of air during a normal breath. Assume the conditions are at STP.
a. What is the volume of one breath on a cold day atop Mt. Everest? Assume -60^ \circC and 253 mm Hg pressure.
b. Air normally contains about 21$\%$ oxygen. If the $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ content is about 14$\%$ atop Mt. Everest, what volume of air does a person need to breathe to supply the body with the same amount of oxygen?

Jennifer Hudspeth

Jennifer Hudspeth

Numerade Educator

Problem 99

Apply An oversized helium balloon in a floral shop must have a volume of at least 3.8 L to rise. When 0.1 mol is added to the empty balloon, its volume is 2.8 L. How many grams of He must be added to make it rise? Assume constant $T$ and $P .$

Anna Miller

Numerade Educator

Problem 100

Calculate A toy manufacturer uses tetrafluoroethane ($\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{F}_{4}$) at high temperatures to fill plastic molds for toys.
a. What is the density $(\operatorname{in} g / \mathrm{L})$of $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{F}_{4}$ at $\mathrm{STP}$ ? \right.
b. Find the molecules per liter of $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{F}_{4}$ at $220^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and
1.0 atm.

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 101

Analyze A solid brick of dry ice $\left(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\right)$ weighs 0.75 $\mathrm{kg}$. Once the brick has fully sublimated into $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ gas, what would its volume be at STP?

Anna Miller

Numerade Educator

Problem 102

Apply Calculate the pressure of $4.67 \times 10^{22}$ molecules of CO gas mixed with $2.87 \times 10^{24}$ molecules of $N_{2}$ gas in a 6.00 -L container at $34.8^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ .

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

Numerade Educator

Problem 103

Analyze When nitroglycerin $\left(\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{N}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{9}\right)$ explodes, it decomposes into the following gases: $\mathrm{CO}_{2}, \mathrm{N}_{2}, \mathrm{NO},$ and $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} .$ If 239 $\mathrm{g}$ of nitroglycerin explodes, what volume will the mixture of gaseous products occupy at 1.00 $\mathrm{atm}$ pressure and $2678^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Ronald Prasad

Numerade Educator

Problem 104

Make and Use Graphs The data in Table 13.3 show the volume of hydrogen gas collected at several different temperatures. Illustrate these data with a graph. Use the graph to complete the table. Determine the temperature at which the volume will reach a value of 0 $\mathrm{mL} .$ What is this temperature called?

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

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Problem 105

Apply What is the numerical value of the ideal gas constant $(\mathrm{R})$ in $\frac{\mathrm{cm}^{3} \cdot \mathrm{Pa}}{\mathrm{K} \cdot \mathrm{mol}} ?$

Anna Miller

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Problem 106

Infer At very high pressures, will the ideal gas law calculate a pressure that is higher or lower than the actual pressure exerted by a sample of gas? How will the calculated pressure compare to the actual pressure at low temperatures? Explain your answers.

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

Numerade Educator

Problem 107

Baking A baker uses baking soda as the leavening agent for his pumpkin-bread recipe. The baking soda decomposes according to two possible reactions.
$$\begin{array}{c}{2 \mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}(\mathrm{s}) \rightarrow \mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}(\mathrm{s})+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{l})+\mathrm{CO}_{2}(\mathrm{g})} \\ {\mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}(\mathrm{s})+\mathrm{H}^{+}(\mathrm{aq}) \rightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{l})+\mathrm{CO}_{2}(\mathrm{g})+\mathrm{Na}+(\mathrm{aq})}\end{array}$$
Calculate the volume of $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ that forms per gram of $\mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}$ by each reaction process. Assume the reactions take place at $210^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 0.985 atm.

Ronald Prasad

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Problem 108

Convert each mass measurement to its equivalent in kilograms. (Chapter 2)
a. 247 $\mathrm{g}$ $\quad$ c. 7.23 $\mathrm{mg}$
b. 53 $\mathrm{mg}$ $\quad$ d. 975 $\mathrm{mg}$

Ronald Prasad

Numerade Educator

Problem 109

Write the electron configuration for each atom. (Chapter 5)
a. iodine $\quad$ d. krypton
b. boron $\quad$ e. calcium
c. chromium $\quad$ f. cadmium

Ronald Prasad

Numerade Educator

Problem 110

For each element, tell how many electrons are in each energy level and write the electron dot structure. (Chapter 5)
a. Kr $\quad$ d. B
b. Sr $\quad$ e. Br
c. P $\quad$ f. Se

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

Numerade Educator

Problem 111

How many atoms of each element are present in five formula units of calcium permanganate? (Chapter 7)

Anna Miller

Numerade Educator

Problem 112

You are given two clear, colorless aqueous solutions. One solution contains an ionic compound, and one contains a covalent compound. How could you determine which is an ionic solution and which is a covalent solution? (Chapter 8)

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

Numerade Educator

Problem 113

Write a balanced equation for the following reactions. (Chapter 9)
a. Zinc displaces silver in silver chloride.
b. Sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid react to form sodium sulfate and water

Anna Miller

Numerade Educator

Problem 114

Terephthalic acid is an organic compound used in the formation of polyesters. It contains 57.8$\% \mathrm{C}$ , $3.64 \% \mathrm{H},$ and 38.5$\%$ O. The molar mass is approximately 166 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mol} .$ What is the molecular formula of terephthalic acid? (Chapter 10)

Ronald Prasad

Numerade Educator

Problem 115

The particles of which gas have the highest average speed? The lowest average speed? (Chapter 12)
a. carbon monoxide at $90^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$
b. nitrogen trifluoride at $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$
c. methane at $90^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$
d. carbon monoxide at $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$

Anna Miller

Numerade Educator

Problem 116

Hot-Air Balloons Many early balloonists dreamed of completing a trip around the world in a hot-air balloon, a goal not achieved until 1999. Write about what you imagine a trip in a balloon would be like, including a description of how manipulating air temperature would allow you to control altitude.

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

Numerade Educator

Problem 117

Scuba Investigate and explain the function of the regulators on the air tanks used by scuba divers.

Anna Miller

Numerade Educator

Problem 118

The Haber Process Ammonia $\left(N H_{3}\right)$ is used in the production of fertilizer, refrigerants, dyes, and plastics. The Haber process is a method of producing ammonia through a reaction of molecular nitrogen and hydrogen. The equation for the reversible reaction is:
$$\mathrm{N}_{2}(\mathrm{g})+3 \mathrm{H}_{2}(\mathrm{g}) \rightleftharpoons 2 \mathrm{NH}_{3}(\mathrm{g})+92 \mathrm{kJ}$$
Figure 13.18 shows the effect of temperature and pressure on the amount of ammonia produced by the Haber process.

Explain how the percent yield of ammonia is affected by pressure and temperature.

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

Numerade Educator

Problem 119

The Haber Process Ammonia $\left(N H_{3}\right)$ is used in the production of fertilizer, refrigerants, dyes, and plastics. The Haber process is a method of producing ammonia through a reaction of molecular nitrogen and hydrogen. The equation for the reversible reaction is:
$$\mathrm{N}_{2}(\mathrm{g})+3 \mathrm{H}_{2}(\mathrm{g}) \rightleftharpoons 2 \mathrm{NH}_{3}(\mathrm{g})+92 \mathrm{kJ}$$
Figure 13.18 shows the effect of temperature and pressure on the amount of ammonia produced by the Haber process.

The Haber process is typically run at 200 atm and $450^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ a combination proven to yield a substantial amount of ammonia in a short time.
a. What effect would running the reaction above 200 atm have on the temperature of the containment vessel?
b. How do you think lowering the temperature of this reaction below $450^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ would affect the amount of time required to produce ammonia?

Ronald Prasad

Numerade Educator