Introductory Chemistry Essentials

Tro, Nivaldo J.

Chapter 11

Gases - all with Video Answers

Educators

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Chapter Questions

Problem 1

What is pressure?

Shazia Naz

Shazia Naz

Numerade Educator

Problem 2

Explain how drinking from a straw works. What causes the beverage to go up the straw? Is there an upper limit to how long a straw can theoretically be and still work as a drinking straw?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 3

What are the main assumptions of kinetic molecular theory?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 4

Describe the main properties of a gas. How are these predicted by kinetic molecular theory?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 5

What factors does the pressure of a gas depend on?

Shazia Naz

Numerade Educator

Problem 6

Why is pressure on a mountaintop less than that at sea level?

Shazia Naz

Numerade Educator

Problem 7

What is Boyle's law? Explain Boyle's law from the perspective of kinetic molecular theory.

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 8

Explain why scuba divers should not hold their breath as they ascend to the surface.

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 9

Why would it be impossible to breathe air through an extra-long snorkel (greater than a couple of meters) while swimming underwater?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 10

What is Charles's law? Explain Charles's law from the perspective of kinetic molecular theory.

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 11

Explain why hot-air balloons float above the ground.

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 12

What is the combined gas law? When is it useful?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 13

What is Avogadro's law? Explain Avogadro's law from the perspective of kinetic molecular theory.

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 14

What is the ideal gas law? When is it useful?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 15

Under what conditions is the ideal gas law most accurate? Under what conditions does the ideal gas law break down? Why?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 16

What is partial pressure?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 17

What is Dalton's law?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 18

Describe hypoxia and oxygen toxicity.

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 19

Why do deep-sea divers breathe a mixture of helium and oxygen?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 20

When a gas is collected over water, is the gas pure? Why or why not?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 21

What is vapor pressure?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 22

What is standard temperature and pressure (STP)? What is the molar volume of a gas at STP?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 23

Convert $0.01 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$ to each of the following units.
(a) atm
(b) torr
(c) psi
(d) $P a$

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 24

Convert each measurement to atm.
(a) 921 torr
(b) $4.8 \times 10_{4} \mathrm{~Pa}$
(c) 87.5 psi
(d) 34.22 in. $\mathrm{Hg}$

Shazia Naz

Numerade Educator

Problem 25

Perform each conversion.
(a) 2.3 atm to torr
(b) $4.7 \times 10^{-2}$ atm to millimeters of mercury
(c) 24.8 psi to millimeters of mercury
(d) 32.84 in. Hg to torr

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 26

Convert each measurement to millimeters of mercury.
(a) $1.2 \mathrm{~atm}$
(b) 0.4 psi
(c) $262,000 \mathrm{~Pa}$
(d) 526 torr

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 27

Complete the table.

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 28

Complete the table.

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 29

The pressure in Denver, Colorado (5280-ft elevation), averages about 24.9 in. Hg. Convert this pressure to:
(a) atmospheres
(b) millimeters of mercury
(c) pounds per square inch
(d) pascals

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 30

The pressure on top of Mount Everest averages about 235 $\mathrm{mm} \mathrm{Hg}$. Convert this pressure to:
(a) torr
(b) pounds per square inch
(c) inches of mercury
(d) atmospheres

Shazia Naz

Numerade Educator

Problem 31

The atmospheric surface of Mars has a pressure of $600 \mathrm{~Pa}$. Convert this pressure to:
(a) atmospheres
(b) millimeters of mercury
(c) torr
(d) pounds per square inch

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 32

The atmospheric surface of Mars has a pressure of $600 \mathrm{~Pa}$. Convert this pressure to:
(a) atmospheres
(b) millimeters of mercury
(c) torr
(d) pounds per square inch

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 33

A sample of gas has an initial volume of $3.95 \mathrm{~L}$ at a pressure of $705 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$. If the volume of the gas is increased to $5.38 \mathrm{~L}$, what is the pressure? (Assume constant temperature.)

Shazia Naz

Numerade Educator

Problem 34

A sample of gas has an initial volume of $26.8 \mathrm{~L}$ at a pressure of $0.86 \mathrm{~atm}$. If the gas is compressed to a pressure of $2.5 \mathrm{~atm}$, what is its volume? (Assume constant temperature.)

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 35

A snorkeler with a lung capacity of $6.3 \mathrm{~L}$ inhales a lungful of air at the surface, where the pressure is 1.0 atm. The snorkeler then descends to a depth of $25 \mathrm{~m},$ where the pressure increases to 3.5 atm. What is the capacity of the snorkeler's lungs at this depth? (Assume constant temperature.)

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 36

A scuba diver with a lung capacity of $5.2 \mathrm{~L}$ inhales at a depth of $45 \mathrm{~m}$ and a pressure of $5.5 \mathrm{~atm} .$ If the diver were to ascend to the surface (where the pressure is $1.0 \mathrm{~atm}$ ) while holding her breath, to what volume would the air in her lungs expand? (Assume constant temperature.)

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 37

Use Boyle's law to complete the table (assume temperature and number of moles of gas to be constant).

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 38

Use Boyle's law to complete the table (assume temperature and number of moles of gas to be constant).

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 39

A balloon with an initial volume of 3.2 L at a temperature of $299 \mathrm{~K}$ is warmed to $376 \mathrm{~K}$. What is its volume at $376 \mathrm{~K} ?$

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 40

Mars has a mean surface temperature of $-63{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. What will the size of a balloon with a volume of $2.5 \mathrm{~L}$ on Earth be on Mars? Assume the average surface temperature of Earth is $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 41

A 48.3 -mL sample of gas in a cylinder equipped with a piston is warmed from $22{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $87{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. What is its volume at the final temperature?

Narayan Hari

Numerade Educator

Problem 42

A syringe containing $1.55 \mathrm{~mL}$ of oxygen gas is cooled from $95.3^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $0.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. What is the final volume of oxygen gas?

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

Numerade Educator

Problem 43

Use Charles's law to complete the table (assume pressure and number of moles of gas to be constant).

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 44

Use Charles's law to complete the table (assume pressure and number of moles of gas to be constant).

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 45

A 0.12 -mole sample of nitrogen gas occupies a volume of $2.55 \mathrm{~L}$. What is the volume of $0.32 \mathrm{~mol}$ of nitrogen gas under the same conditions?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 46

A 0.48 -mole sample of helium gas occupies a volume of $11.7 \mathrm{~L} .$ What is the volume of $0.72 \mathrm{~mol}$ of helium gas under the same conditions?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 47

A balloon contains 0.128 mol of gas and has a volume of $2.76 \mathrm{~L}$. If an additional $0.073 \mathrm{~mol}$ of gas is added to the balloon, what is its final volume?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 48

A cylinder with a moveable piston contains $0.87 \mathrm{~mol}$ of gas and has a volume of $334 \mathrm{~mL}$. What will its volume be if an additional $0.22 \mathrm{~mol}$ of gas is added to the cylinder?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 49

Use Avogadro's law to complete the table (assume pressure and temperature to be constant).

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 50

Use Avogadro's law to complete the table (assume pressure and temperature to be constant).

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 59

What is the volume occupied by $0.255 \mathrm{~mol}$ of helium gas at $1.25 \mathrm{~atm}$ and $305 \mathrm{~K} ?$

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 60

What is the pressure in a $20.0-\mathrm{L}$ cylinder filled with $0.683 \mathrm{~mol}$ of nitrogen gas at $325 \mathrm{~K} ?$

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 61

A cylinder contains $28.5 \mathrm{~L}$ of oxygen gas at a pressure of 1.8 $a \mathrm{tm}$ and a temperature of $298 \mathrm{~K}$. How many moles of gas are in the cylinder?

Shazia Naz

Numerade Educator

Problem 62

What is the temperature of $0.52 \mathrm{~mol}$ of gas at a pressure of $1.3 \mathrm{~atm}$ and a volume of $11.8 \mathrm{~L} ?$

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 63

A gas sample has a volume of $3.8 \mathrm{~L}$ at $1.4 \mathrm{~atm}$ and $303 \mathrm{~K}$. How many moles of gas does the sample contain?

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 64

What is the pressure in millimeters of mercury of $0.0115 \mathrm{~mol}$ of helium gas with a volume of $214 \mathrm{~mL}$ at $45^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 65

Use the ideal gas law to complete the table.

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

Numerade Educator

Problem 66

Use the ideal gas law to complete the table.

Matthew Bamidele

Matthew Bamidele

Numerade Educator

Problem 67

How many moles of gas must be forced into a $3.5-\mathrm{L}$ ball to give it a gauge pressure of 9.4 psi at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$ The gauge pressure is relative to atmospheric pressure. Assume that atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi so that the total pressure in the ball is 24.1 psi.

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 68

A He cylinder of volume $10.4 \mathrm{~L}$ is filled with He gas to a pressure of 12.8 atm at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. How many moles of He atoms are there in the cylinder?

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 69

An experiment shows that a $248-\mathrm{mL}$ gas sample has a mass of $0.433 \mathrm{~g}$ at a pressure of $745 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$ and a temperature of $28^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .$ What is the molar mass of the gas?

Shazia Naz

Numerade Educator

Problem 70

A balloon is filled with $20.5 \mathrm{~g}$ of a noble gas. The balloon has a volume of $12.5 \mathrm{~L}$ at room temperature and pressure $\left(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 1 \mathrm{~atm}\right) .$ Identify the noble gas.

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 71

A sample of gas has a mass of $38.8 \mathrm{mg}$. Its volume is $224 \mathrm{~mL}$ at a temperature of $55^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and a pressure of 886 torr. Find the molar mass of the gas.

Sisi Gao

Numerade Educator

Problem 72

A mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen was filled into a balloon at $10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $1.2 \mathrm{~atm}$. If the balloon has a volume of $7.2 \mathrm{~L},$ and the total mass of gas used to fill the balloon is $5.6 \mathrm{~g},$ what is the ratio of nitrogen to hydrogen?

David Collins

Numerade Educator

Problem 73

A gas mixture contains each gas at the indicated partial pressure.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\mathrm{N}_{2} & 217 \text { torr } \\
\mathrm{O}_{2} & 106 \text { torr } \\
\mathrm{He} & 248 \text { torr }
\end{array}
$$
What is the total pressure of the mixture?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 74

A gas mixture contains each gas at the indicated partial pressure.
$$
\mathrm{CO}_{2} \quad 422 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}
$$
Ar
$$
102 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{H}_{8}
$$
$$
\begin{array}{lc}
\mathrm{O}_{2} & 165 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg} \\
\mathrm{H}_{2} & 52 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}
\end{array}
$$
What is the total pressure of the mixture?

Shazia Naz

Numerade Educator

Problem 75

A heliox deep-sea diving mixture delivers an oxygen partial pressure of 0.30 atm when the total pressure is 11.0 atm. What is the partial pressure of helium in this mixture?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 76

A mixture of hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen has a total pressure of 264 psi. The partial pressures of hydrogen and nitrogen are 41 psi and 168 psi, respectively. What is the composition of the mixture?

David Collins

Numerade Educator

Problem 77

The hydrogen gas formed in a chemical reaction is collected over water at $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ at a total pressure of $732 \mathrm{~mm}$ Hg. What is the partial pressure of the hydrogen gas collected in this way?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 78

The oxygen gas emitted from an aquatic plant during photosynthesis is collected over water at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and a total pressure of 753 torr. What is the partial pressure of the oxygen gas?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 79

A gas mixture contains $78 \%$ nitrogen and $22 \%$ oxygen. If the total pressure is $1.12 \mathrm{~atm}$, what are the partial pressures of each component?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 80

A gas sample contains $42 \%$ neon, $40 \%$ argon and $18 \%$ nitrogen. If the partial pressure of nitrogen is 12.6 psi, what is the total pressure of the gas sample?

David Collins

Numerade Educator

Problem 81

A heliox deep-sea diving mixture contains $4.0 \%$ oxygen and $96.0 \%$ helium. What is the partial pressure of oxygen when this mixture is delivered at a total pressure of $8.5 \mathrm{~atm} ?$

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 82

A scuba diver breathing normal air descends to $100 \mathrm{~m}$ of depth, where the total pressure is 11 atm. What is the partial pressure of oxygen that the diver experiences at this depth? Is the diver in danger of experiencing oxygen toxicity?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 83

Calculate the volume of each gas sample at STP.
(a) $22.5 \mathrm{~mol} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}$
(b) $3.6 \mathrm{~mol}$ nitrogen
(c) 2.2 mol helium
(d) $27 \mathrm{~mol} \mathrm{CH}_{4}$

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 84

Calculate the number of moles of each gas sample at STP.
(a) $2.5 \mathrm{~L}$
(b) $124 \mathrm{~L}$
(c) $67.3 \mathrm{~L}$
(d) $0.14 \mathrm{~L}$

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 85

Calculate the volume of each gas sample at STP.
(a) $73.9 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{~N}_{2}$
(b) $42.9 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{O}_{2}$
(c) $148 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{NO}_{2}$
(d) $245 \mathrm{mg} \mathrm{CO}_{2}$

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 86

Calculate the volume of each gas sample at STP.
(a) $48.9 \mathrm{~g}$ He
(b) $45.2 \mathrm{~g}$ Xe
(c) $48.2 \mathrm{mg} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}$
(d) $3.83 \mathrm{~kg} \mathrm{SO}_{2}$

Shazia Naz

Numerade Educator

Problem 87

Calculate the mass of each gas sample at STP.
(a) $178 \mathrm{~mL} \mathrm{CO}_{2}$
(b) $155 \mathrm{~mL} \mathrm{O}_{2}$
(c) $1.25 \mathrm{LSF}_{6}$

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 88

Identify the diatomic gases with the given densities at STP.
(a) $1.34 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{L}$
(b) $1.63 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{L}$
(c) $1.25 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{L}$
(d) $1.70 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{L}$

David Collins

Numerade Educator

Problem 89

Consider the chemical reaction:
$$
\mathrm{C}(s)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{CO}(g)+\mathrm{H}_{2}(g)
$$
How many liters of hydrogen gas are formed from the complete reaction of $1.07 \mathrm{~mol}$ of $\mathrm{C} ?$ Assume that the hydrogen gas is collected at $1.0 \mathrm{~atm}$ and $315 \mathrm{~K}$.

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 90

Consider the chemical reaction:
$$
2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{H}_{2}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g)
$$
How many moles of $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ are required to form $1.3 \mathrm{~L}$ of $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ at $325 \mathrm{~K}$ and $0.988 \mathrm{~atm} ?$

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 91

$\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}$ can be synthesized by the reaction:
$$
\mathrm{CO}(g)+2 \mathrm{H}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}(g)
$$
How many liters of $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ gas, measured at $748 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$ and $86^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ are required to synthesize $0.55 \mathrm{~mol}$ of $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}$ ? How many liters of CO gas, measured under the same conditions, are required?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 92

$\mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ react with $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ to form $\mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}$ according to the reaction:
$$
\mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{O}(s)+\mathrm{CO}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}(\mathrm{~s})
$$

What volume of $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ can $12.6 \mathrm{~g}$ of $\mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ absorb at $1 \mathrm{~atm}$ and $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 93

Nitrogen reacts with powdered aluminum according to the reaction:
$$
2 \mathrm{Al}(s)+\mathrm{N}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{AlN}(s)
$$
How many liters of $\mathrm{N}_{2}$ gas, measured at 892 torr and $95^{\circ} \mathrm{C}_{\text {, }}$ are required to completely react with $18.5 \mathrm{~g}$ of Al?

Chareen Guzman

Numerade Educator

Problem 94

Cesium oxalate can be thermally decomposed to cesium carbonate and CO according to the reaction:
$$
\mathrm{Cs}_{2} \mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}(s) \longrightarrow \mathrm{Cs}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}(s)+\mathrm{CO}(g)
$$
What volume of CO gas will be produced from thermal decomposition of $1.45 \mathrm{~g}$ of cesium oxalate at $300{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $1 \mathrm{~atm} ?$

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 95

How many grams of $\mathrm{NH}_{3}$ form when $24.8 \mathrm{~L}$ of $\mathrm{H}_{2}(\mathrm{~g})$ (measured at STP) reacts with $\mathrm{N}_{2}$ to form $\mathrm{NH}_{3}$ according to this reaction?
$$
\mathrm{N}_{2}(g)+3 \mathrm{H}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{NH}_{3}(g)
$$

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 96

Lithium reacts with nitrogen gas according to the reaction:
$$
6 \mathrm{Li}(\mathrm{s})+\mathrm{N}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{Li}_{3} \mathrm{~N}(\mathrm{~s})
$$
How many grams of lithium are required to completely react with $58.5 \mathrm{~mL}$ of $\mathrm{N}_{2}$ gas measured at $\mathrm{STP} ?$

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 97

How many grams of calcium are consumed when $156.8 \mathrm{~mL}$ of oxygen gas, measured at STP, reacts with calcium according to this reaction?
$$
2 \mathrm{Ca}(s)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{CaO}(s)
$$

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 98

Lead(II) azide decomposes to lead metal and $\mathrm{N}_{2}$ under mechanical stimuli. If a $0.12 \mathrm{~L}$ container containing $1 \mathrm{~g}$ of lead(II) azide is sealed under room temperature and pressure, what will be the pressure of the container at room temperature after all of the lead(II) azide has decomposed?
$$
\mathrm{Pb}\left(\mathrm{N}_{3}\right)_{2}(\mathrm{~s}) \longrightarrow \mathrm{Pb}(\mathrm{s})+3 \mathrm{~N}_{2}(\mathrm{~g})
$$

David Collins

Numerade Educator

Problem 99

Use the ideal gas law to show that the molar volume of a gas at STP is $22.4 \mathrm{~L}$.

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 100

Use the ideal gas law to show that $28.0 \mathrm{~g}$ of nitrogen gas and $4.00 \mathrm{~g}$ of helium gas occupy the same volume at any temperature and pressure.

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 101

A mixture of nitrogen and oxygen has a volume of $12.6 \mathrm{~L}$ at STP. If the mixture has a mass of $16.1 \mathrm{~g},$ calculate the ratio of nitrogen to oxygen.

David Collins

Numerade Educator

Problem 102

A 118 -mL flask is evacuated, and its mass is measured as $97.129 \mathrm{~g} .$ When the flask is filled with 768 torr of helium gas at $35{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ it is found to have a mass of $97.171 \mathrm{~g}$. Is the gas pure helium?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 103

A gaseous compound containing hydrogen and carbon is decomposed and found to contain $82.66 \%$ carbon and $17.34 \%$ hydrogen by mass. The mass of $158 \mathrm{~mL}$ of the gas, measured at $556 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$ and $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ is $0.275 \mathrm{~g} .$ What is the molecular formula of the compound?

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 104

A gaseous compound containing hydrogen and carbon is decomposed and found to contain $85.63 \% \mathrm{C}$ and $14.37 \%$ H by mass. The mass of $258 \mathrm{~mL}$ of the gas, measured at $\mathrm{STP},$ is $0.646 \mathrm{~g} .$ What is the molecular formula of the compound?

George Bennett

Numerade Educator

Problem 105

The reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid is carried out as a source of hydrogen gas in the laboratory:
$$
\mathrm{Zn}(\mathrm{s})+2 \mathrm{HCl}(a q) \longrightarrow \mathrm{ZnCl}_{2}(a q)+\mathrm{H}_{2}(g)
$$
If $325 \mathrm{~mL}$ of hydrogen gas is collected over water at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ at a total pressure of $748 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$, how many grams of $\mathrm{Zn}$ reacted?

Shazia Naz

Numerade Educator

Problem 106

$\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}$ decomposes to NO according to the following equation:
$$
\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{NO}(g)
$$
In a balloon initially containing $2.6 \mathrm{~g}$ of $\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}$ at $\mathrm{STP}$, if $77 \%$ by mass of $\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}$ decomposes to $\mathrm{NO},$ what will be the percentage increase in the volume of the balloon?

David Collins

Numerade Educator

Problem 107

What is the mass of a gas mixture containing $20 \% \mathrm{SO}_{2}$ and $80 \% \mathrm{O}_{2}$ in a container of $8.6 \mathrm{~L}$ at $0.95 \mathrm{~atm}$ and $22{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 108

How many grams of oxygen are collected in a reaction where $235 \mathrm{~mL}$ of oxygen gas is collected over water at a temperature of $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and a total pressure of 697 torr?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 109

The decomposition of a silver oxide sample forms $15.8 \mathrm{~g}$ of $\mathrm{Ag}(s)$
$$
2 \mathrm{Ag}_{2} \mathrm{O}(s) \longrightarrow 4 \mathrm{Ag}(s)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g)
$$
What total volume of $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ gas forms if it is collected over water at a temperature of $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and a total pressure of $752 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg} ?$

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 110

The following reaction consumes $2.45 \mathrm{~kg}$ of $\mathrm{CO}(\mathrm{g})$ :
$$
\mathrm{CO}(g)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{CO}_{2}(g)+\mathrm{H}_{2}(g)
$$
How many total liters of gas are formed if the products are collected at STP?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 111

When hydrochloric acid is poured over a sample of sodium bicarbonate, $28.2 \mathrm{~mL}$ of carbon dioxide gas is produced at a pressure of $0.954 \mathrm{~atm}$ and a temperature of $22.7^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Write an equation for the gas evolution reaction and determine how much sodium bicarbonate reacted.

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 112

Calcium hydroxide absorbs $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ to form calcium carbonate and $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$. Calculate the maximum volume of $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 1 atm that $150 \mathrm{~mL}$ of $0.8 \mathrm{M}$ calcium hydroxide solution can absorb.

David Collins

Numerade Educator

Problem 113

Consider the reaction:
$$
2 \mathrm{SO}_{2}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{SO}_{3}(\mathrm{~s})
$$
(a) If $285.5 \mathrm{~mL}$ of $\mathrm{SO}_{2}$ is allowed to react with $158.9 \mathrm{~mL}$ of $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ (both measured at STP), what is the limiting reactant and the theoretical yield of $\mathrm{SO}_{3} ?$
(b) If $2.805 \mathrm{~g}$ of $\mathrm{SO}_{3}$ is collected (measured at $\mathrm{STP}$ ), what is the percent yield for the reaction?

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 114

Consider the reaction::
$$
P_{4}(s)+6 H_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 4 P H_{3}(g)
$$
(a) If $88.6 \mathrm{~L}$ of $\mathrm{H}_{2}(\mathrm{~g})$, measured at $\mathrm{STP}$, is allowed to react with $158.3 \mathrm{~g}$ of $\mathrm{P}_{4}$, what is the limiting reactant?
(b) If $48.3 \mathrm{~L}$ of $\mathrm{PH}_{3}$, measured at $\mathrm{STP}$, forms, what is the percent yield?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 115

Consider the reaction for the synthesis of nitric acid:
$$
3 \mathrm{NO}_{2}(g)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{HNO}_{3}(a q)+\mathrm{NO}(g)
$$
(a) If $12.8 \mathrm{~L}$ of $\mathrm{NO}_{2}(g),$ measured at $\mathrm{STP}$, is allowed to react with $14.9 \mathrm{~g}$ of water, find the limiting reagent and the theoretical yield of $\mathrm{HNO}_{3}$ in grams.
(b) If $14.8 \mathrm{~g}$ of $\mathrm{HNO}_{3}$ forms, what is the percent yield?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 116

Consider the reaction for the production of $\mathrm{NO}_{2}$ from NO:
$$
2 \mathrm{NO}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{NO}_{2}(g)
$$
(a) If $84.8 \mathrm{~L}$ of $\mathrm{O}_{2}(g),$ measured at $35^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $632 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$, is allowed to react with $158.2 \mathrm{~g}$ of $\mathrm{NO},$ find the limiting reagent.
(b) If $97.3 \mathrm{~L}$ of $\mathrm{NO}_{2}$ forms, measured at $35^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $632 \mathrm{~mm}$ $\mathrm{Hg},$ what is the percent yield?

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 117

Ammonium carbonate decomposes upon heating according to the balanced equation:
$$
\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}(\mathrm{~s}) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{NH}_{3}(g)+\mathrm{CO}_{2}(g)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g)
$$
Calculate the total volume of gas produced at $22^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $1.02 \mathrm{~atm}$ by the complete decomposition of $11.83 \mathrm{~g}$ of $\mathrm{am}-$ monium carbonate

Shazia Naz

Numerade Educator

Problem 118

Ammonium nitrate decomposes explosively upon heating according to the balanced equation:
$$
2 \mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{NO}_{3}(s) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{~N}_{2}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g)+4 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g)
$$
Calculate the total volume of gas (at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $\left.748 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}\right)$ produced by the complete decomposition of $1.55 \mathrm{~kg}$ of ammonium nitrate

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 119

A mixture containing $235 \mathrm{mg}$ of helium and $325 \mathrm{mg}$ of neon has a total pressure of 453 torr. What is the partial pressure of helium in the mixture?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 120

A mixture containing $4.33 \mathrm{~g}$ of $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ and $3.11 \mathrm{~g}$ of $\mathrm{CH}_{4}$ has a total pressure of $1.09 \mathrm{~atm}$. What is the partial pressure of $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ in the mixture?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 121

Consider the reaction:
$$
2 \mathrm{SO}_{2}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{SO}_{3}(g)
$$
A reaction flask initially contains $0.10 \mathrm{~atm}$ of $\mathrm{SO}_{2}$ and 0.10 atm of $\mathrm{O}_{2}$. What is the total pressure in the flask once the limiting reactant is completely consumed? Assume a constant temperature and volume and a $100 \%$ reaction yield.

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 122

Consider the reaction:
$$
\mathrm{CO}(g)+2 \mathrm{H}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}(g)
$$
A reaction flask initially contains 112 torr of $\mathrm{CO}$ and 282 torr of $\mathrm{H}_{2}$. The reaction is allowed to proceed until the pressure stops changing, at which point the total pressure is 196 torr. Determine the percent yield for the reaction. Assume a constant temperature and that no other reactions occur other than the one indicated.

Shazia Naz

Numerade Educator

Problem 123

Which gas sample has the greatest pressure? Assume they are all at the same temperature. Explain.

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 124

This image represents a sample of gas at a pressure of $1 \mathrm{~atm},$ a volume of $1 \mathrm{~L},$ and a temperature of $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Draw a similar picture showing what happens if the volume is reduced to $0.5 \mathrm{~L}$ and the temperature is increased to $250{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ What happens to the pressure?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 125

Automobile air bag inflate following a serious impact. The impact triggers the chemical reaction:
$$
2 \mathrm{NaN}_{3}(\mathrm{~s}) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{Na}(\mathrm{s})+3 \mathrm{~N}_{2}(g)
$$
If an automobile air bag has a volume of $11.8 \mathrm{~L},$ how much $\mathrm{NaN}_{3}$ in grams is required to fully inflate the air bag upon impact? Assume STP conditions.

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 126

Olympic cyclists fill their tires with helium to make them lighter. Calculate the mass of air in an air-filled tire and the mass of helium in a helium-filled tire. What is the mass difference between the two? Assume that the volume of the tire is $855 \mathrm{~mL},$ that it is filled with a total pressure of 125 psi, and that the temperature is $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Also, assume an average molar mass for air of $28.8 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mol}$.

Sisi Gao

Numerade Educator

Problem 127

In a common classroom demonstration, a balloon is filled with air and submerged into liquid nitrogen. The balloon contracts as the gases within the balloon cool. Suppose the balloon initially contains $2.95 \mathrm{~L}$ of air at $25.0{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $\mathrm{a}$ pressure of 0.998 atm. Calculate the expected volume of the balloon upon cooling to $-196{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ (the boiling point of liquid nitrogen). When the demonstration is carried out the actual volume of the balloon decreases to $0.61 \mathrm{~L}$. How well does the observed volume of the balloon compare to your calculated value? Can you explain the difference?

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 128

Aerosol cans carry clear warnings against incineration because of the high pressures that can develop upon heating. Suppose a can contains a residual amount of gas at a pressure of $755 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$ and $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. What would the pressure be if the can were heated to $1155^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 129

Complete the table.

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 130

A chemical reaction produces $10.4 \mathrm{~g}$ of $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$. What volume does this gas occupy at $1.2 \mathrm{~atm}$ and $29^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ? Assign one member of your group to check all units and another to check all significant figures.

Madeline Currie

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

Problem 131

A 14.22 -g aluminum soda can reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the reaction:
$$
2 \mathrm{Al}(s)+6 \mathrm{HCl}(a q) \longrightarrow 3 \mathrm{H}_{2}(g)+2 \mathrm{AlCl}_{3}(a q)
$$
The hydrogen gas is collected by the displacement of water. What volume of hydrogen is collected if the external pressure is $749 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$ and the temperature is $31^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ assuming that there is no water vapor present? What is the vapor pressure of water at this temperature? What volume do the hydrogen and water vapor occupy under these conditions?

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator