Chemistry

John E. Mcmurry, Robert C. Fay, Jordan Fantini

Chapter 18

Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Water - all with Video Answers

Educators

AC

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Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Hydrogen is used to inflate weather balloons because it is much less dense than air. Calculate the density of gaseous $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 1 atm pressure. Compare your result with the density of dry air under the same conditions $\left(1.185 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\right) .$

Sara Ross

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 2

The most abundant elements by mass in the body of a healthy human adult are oxygen $(61.4 \%),$ carbon $(22.9 \%),$ hydrogen $(10.0 \%),$ and nitrogen $(2.6 \%)$
(a) Calculate the mass percent D if all the hydrogen atoms in a human were deuterium atoms.
(b) Calculate the mass percent $C$ if all the carbon atoms were atoms of the isotope having a mass of 13 amu $\left(\begin{array}{c}13 \\ 6\end{array} C\right)$.
(c) How much weight would a 150 -pound person gain if all ${ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$ atoms were replaced by ${ }^{2} \mathrm{H}$ atoms?

AC

Alexis Calabrese

Numerade Educator

Problem 3

Write a balanced equation for the production of synthesis gas from each of the following:
(a) graphite $\quad$ (b) propane, $\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{8}(g)$

Josh Khang

Numerade Educator

Problem 4

Write the chemical formula of a compound that contains hydrogen and each of the following elements, and tell which compounds are covalent and which are ionic.
(a) Silicon $\quad$ (b) Potassium $\quad$ (c) Selenium

AC

Alexis Calabrese

Numerade Educator

Problem 5

Write a balanced net ionic equation for the reaction of each of the following hydrides with water:
(a) Strontium hydride $\quad$ (b) Potassium hydride

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 6

Calcium hydride is a convenient, portable source of hydrogen that is used, among other things, to inflate weather balloons. If the reaction of $\mathrm{CaH}_{2}$ with water is used to inflate a balloon with $2.0 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{L}$ of $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ gas at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 1.00 atm pressure, how many kilograms of $\mathrm{CaH}_{2}$ is needed?

AC

Alexis Calabrese

Numerade Educator

Problem 7

The following pictures represent binary hydrides $\mathrm{AH}_{x}$, where $A=B r, L i, P,$ or $Z r$. Ivory spheres represent H atoms or ions, and burgundy spheres represent atoms or ions of the element A.
(a) Write the formula of each hydride, and classify each as ionic, covalent, or interstitial.
(b) Which hydrides are likely to be solids at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and which are likely to be gases? Explain.
(c) Which hydride reacts with water at$25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to give a basic solution?

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 8

If palladium metal (density 12.0 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} )$ dissolves 935 times its own volume of $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ at $\mathrm{STP}$ , what is the value of $x$ in the formula $\mathrm{PdH}_{x} ?$ What is the density of hydrogen in $\mathrm{PdH}_{x} ?$ What is the molarity of $\mathrm{H}$ atoms in PdH $_{x} ?$ Assume that the volume of palladium is unchanged when the $\mathrm{H}$ atoms go into the interstices.

AC

Alexis Calabrese

Numerade Educator

Problem 9

How many milliliters of $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ gas at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 1.00 atm pressure are obtained by the thermal decomposition of 0.200 g of $\mathrm{KMnO}_{4} ?$ The balanced equation for the reaction is $2 \mathrm{KMnO}_{4}(s) \rightarrow \mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{MnO}_{4}(s)+\mathrm{MnO}_{2}(s)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g)$.

Josh Khang

Numerade Educator

Problem 10

Look at the location of elements A, B, and C in the periodic table.
(a) Write the formula of the oxide that has each of these elements in its highest oxidation state.
(b) Which oxide is the most ionic, and which is the most covalent?
(c) Which oxide is the most acidic, and which is the most basic?
(d) Which oxide can react with both $\mathrm{H}^{+}(a q)$ and $\mathrm{OH}^{-}(a q) ?$

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 11

Write balanced net ionic equations for the following reactions:
(a) Dissolution of solid $\mathrm{Li}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ in water
(b) Dissolution of $\mathrm{SO}_{3}$ in water
(c) Dissolution of the amphoteric oxide $\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}$ in strong acid
(d) Dissolution of $\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}$ in strong base to give $\mathrm{Cr}(\mathrm{OH})_{4}^{-}$ ions

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 12

What is the oxidation number of oxygen in each of the following compounds? Tell whether the compound is an oxide, a peroxide, or a superoxide.
(a) $\mathrm{Rb}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}$
(b) $\mathrm{CaO}$
(c) $\mathrm{CsO}_{2}$
(d) $\mathrm{SrO}_{2}$
(e) $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 13

Write a balanced net ionic equation for the reaction of water with each of the oxygen compounds listed in Problem 18.12.

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 14

CONCEPTUAL PROBLEM 18.14 Draw a molecular orbital energy-level diagram for $\mathrm{O}_{2}^{-},$ including the MOs derived from the oxygen 2$s$ and 2$p$ orbitals. Show the electron population of the MOs, and verify that $\mathrm{O}_{2}^{-}$ is paramagnetic and has a bond order of 1.5 .

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 15

Draw an electron-dot structure for $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}$. Is your structure consistent with its $\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{O}$ bond length of 148 pm? (Look at Table 18.2 to see how bond length and bond order are related.)

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 16

The discoloration and restoration of old oil paintings involves some interesting chemistry. On exposure to polluted air containing $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{S}$, white lead carbonate pigments are converted to $\mathrm{PbS}$, a black solid. Hydrogen peroxide has been used to restore the original white color. Write a balanced equation for the reaction, which involves the oxidation of black $\mathrm{PbS}$ to white $\mathrm{PbSO}_{4}$.

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 17

A 3.10 g sample of anhydrous $\mathrm{NiSO}_{4}$ was exposed to moist air. If 5.62 $\mathrm{g}$ of a hydrate of nickel sulfate was obtained, what is the formula of the hydrate?

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 18

Hydrogen is a gas at ordinary temperatures. Explain how it can be stored as a solid.

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 19

The space shuttle fuel tank contains $1.45 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{L}$ of liquid hydrogen, which has a density of 0.088 $\mathrm{kg} / \mathrm{L}$ . How much heat (in kilojoules) is liberated when the hydrogen burns in an excess of oxygen? How many kilograms of oxygen are needed to oxidize the hydrogen?

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 20

In the following pictures of binary hydrides, ivory spheres represent $\mathrm{H}$ atoms or ions, and burgundy spheres represent atoms or ions of the other element.
(a) Identify each binary hydride as ionic, covalent, or interstitial.
(b) What is the oxidation state of hydrogen in compounds (1), (2), and (3)? What is the oxidation state of the other element?

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 21

Look at the location of elements A, B, C, and D in the following periodic table:
(a) Write the formula of the simplest binary hydride of each element.
(b) Classify each binary hydride as ionic, covalent, or interstitial.
(c) Which of these hydrides are molecular? Which are solids with an infinitely extended three-dimensional crystal structure?
(d) What are the oxidation states of hydrogen and the other element in the hydrides of A, C, and D?

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 22

The following molecular orbital energy-level diagram shows the energies and electron occupancies of the $\mathrm{MOs}$ derived from the atomic $2p$ orbitals for the anion in an oxygen-containing binary compound of potassium.
(a) Is the compound a peroxide or a superoxide? Write its chemical formula.
(b) Is the compound attracted or repelled by magnetic fields?
(c) Compare the oxygen–oxygen bond energy and bond length in this compound with the corresponding properties of the $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ molecule.
(d) When this compound is treated with water, is the resulting aqueous solution acidic or basic? Explain.

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 23

In the following pictures of oxides, red spheres represent $\mathrm{O}$ atoms or ions, and green spheres represent atoms or ions of a second- or third-row element in its highest oxidation state.
(a) What is the oxidation state of oxygen in each oxide? What is the oxidation state of the other element?
(b) Identify each oxide as ionic or covalent.
(c) Identify each oxide as acidic or basic.
(d) What is the identity of the other element in (1) and (2)?

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 24

In the following pictures of oxides, red spheres represent $\mathrm{O}$ atoms or ions, and green spheres represent atoms or ions of a first- or second-row element in its highest oxidation state.
(a) What is the oxidation state of oxygen in each oxide? What is the oxidation state of the other element?
(b) Which of these oxides is (are) molecular, and which has (have) an infinitely extended three-dimensional structure?
(c) Which of these oxides is (are) likely to be a gas or a liquid, and which is (are) likely to be a high-melting solid?
(d) Identify the other element in (2) and (3).

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 25

Look at the location of elements A, B, C, and D in the following periodic table:
(a) Write the formula of the oxide that has each of these elements in its highest oxidation state.
(b) Classify each oxide as basic, acidic, or amphoteric.
(c) Which oxide is the most ionic? Which is the most covalent?
(d) Which of these oxides are molecular? Which are solids with an infinitely extended three-dimensional crystal structure?
(e) Which of these oxides has the highest melting point? Which has the lowest melting point?

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 26

The following pictures represent structures of the hydrides of four second-row elements.
(a) Which compound has the highest melting point?
(b) Which compound has the lowest boiling point?
(c) Which compounds yield $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ gas when they are mixed together?

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 27

The following pictures represent the structures of oxides of carbon and sulfur. Which has the stronger bonds? Explain.

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 28

Look at the location of elements A, B, C, and D in the following periodic table:
(a) Write the formula of the simplest binary hydride of each element.
(b) Which hydride has the lowest boiling point?
(c) Which hydrides react with water to give $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ gas? Write a balanced net ionic equation for each reaction.
(d) Which hydrides react with water to give an acidic solution, and which give a basic solution?

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 29

Look at the location of elements A and B in the following periodic table:
(a) Write the formula of the oxide, peroxide, and superoxide of elements A and B.
(b) Which of the six compounds in part (a) is (are) paramagnetic?
(c) Write a balanced equation for the reaction of the oxide, peroxide, and superoxide of element B with water.

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 30

Explain what is meant by an isotope effect, and give two examples.

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 31

How can protium and deuterium be separated?

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 32

Calculate the percentage mass difference between:
(a) $^{1} \mathrm{H}$ and $^{2} \mathrm{H} \quad$ (b) $^{2} \mathrm{H}$ and $^{3} \mathrm{H}$
Would you expect the differences in properties for $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ and $\mathrm{D}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ to be larger or smaller than the differences in properties for $\mathrm{D}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ and $\mathrm{T}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ ? Do the data in Table 18.1support your prediction?

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 33

(a) If the volume of the oceans is $1.35 \times 10^{18} \mathrm{m}^{3}$ and the abundance of deuterium is 0.0156 atom $\%,$ how many kilograms of deuterium are present in the oceans? (Neglect the presence of dissolved substances, and assume that the density of water is 1.00 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$ )
(b) Do the same calculation for tritium, assuming that the abundance of tritium is approximately $10^{-16}$ atom $\%$ .

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 34

Using data in Table $18.1,$ calculate the $D^{+}$ ion concentration in a sample of $\mathrm{D}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ .

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 35

Using data in Table $18.1,$ calculate the $\mathrm{T}^{+}$ ion concentration in a sample of $\mathrm{T}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ .

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 36

There are three isotopes of hydrogen and three naturally occurring isotopes of oxygen $\left(^{16} \mathrm{O},^{17} \mathrm{O}, \text { and }^{18} \mathrm{O}\right) .$ How many kinds of water are possible? Write their formulas.

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 37

There are three isotopes of hydrogen and just one naturally occurring isotope of phosphorus $(^{31} \mathrm{P}) .$ How many kinds of phosphine $\left(\mathrm{PH}_{3}\right)$ are possible? Write their formulas.

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 38

Write a balanced equation for the synthesis of hydrogen using each of the following starting materials.
(a) $\mathrm{Zn} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{C} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{CH}_{4} \quad$ (d) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 39

Complete and balance the equation for each of the following reactions:
(a) $\mathrm{Fe}(s)+\mathrm{H}^{+}(a q) \longrightarrow$
(b) $\mathrm{Ca}(s)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l) \longrightarrow$
(c) $\mathrm{Al}(s)+\mathrm{H}^{+}(a q) \longrightarrow$
(d) $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{6}(g)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g) \frac{\text { Heat }}{\text { Catalyst }}$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 40

What is the most important method for the industrial production of hydrogen? Write balanced equations for the reactions involved.

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 41

Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions:
(a) The reduction of steam by hot iron
(b) The production of synthesis gas from propane, $\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{8}$
(c) The water-gas shift reaction

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 42

Ionic metal hydrides react with water to give hydrogen gas and an aqueous solution of the metal hydroxide.
(a) On the reaction of equal masses of $\mathrm{LiH}$ and $\mathrm{CaH}_{2}$ with water, which compound gives more hydrogen?
(b) How many kilograms of $\mathrm{CaH}_{2}$ are needed to fill a 100 $\mathrm{L}$ tank with compressed $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ gas at 150 atm pressure and $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 43

The hydrogen-filled dirigible Hindenburg had a volume of $1.99 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{L}$ . If the hydrogen used was produced by the reaction of carbon with steam, how many kilograms of carbon would have been needed to produce enough hydrogen to fill the dirigible at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 740 $\mathrm{mm}$ pressure?
$$\mathrm{C}(s)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{CO}(g)+\mathrm{H}_{2}(g)$$

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 44

In the following compounds, is hydrogen present as $\mathrm{H}^{+}$ , $\mathrm{H}^{-},$ or a covalently bound $\mathrm{H}$ atom?
(a) $\mathrm{MgH}_{2} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{PH}_{3} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{KH} \quad$ (d) $\mathrm{HBr}$

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 45

In the following compounds, is hydrogen present as $\mathrm{H}^{+}$ , $\mathrm{H}^{-},$ or a covalently bound $\mathrm{H}$ atom?
(a) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{Se} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{RbH} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{CaH}_{2} \quad$ (d) $\mathrm{GeH}_{4}$

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 46

Compare some of the physical properties of $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{S}, \mathrm{NaH},$ and $\mathrm{PdH}_{x}$ .

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 47

Compare some of the physical properties of $\mathrm{TiH}_{1.7}, \mathrm{HCl}$ , and $\mathrm{CaH}_{2}$ .

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 48

Describe the bonding in:
(a) $\mathrm{CH}_{4} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{NaH}$

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 49

Describe the bonding in:
(a) $\mathrm{CaH}_{2} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{NH}_{3}$

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 50

Predict the molecular structure of:
(a) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{Se} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{AsH}_{3} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{SiH}_{4}$

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 51

Describe the molecular geometry of:
(a) $\mathrm{GeH}_{4} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{S} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{NH}_{3}$

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 52

What is a nonstoichiometric compound? Give an example, and account for its lack of stoichiometry in terms of structure.

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 53

Explain why the hydrogen atoms in interstitial hydrides are mobile.

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 54

Titanium hydride, $\mathrm{TiH}_{2}$, has a density of 3.75 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$
(a) Calculate the density of hydrogen in $\mathrm{TiH}_{2},$ and compare it with that in liquid $\mathrm{H}_{2}\left(0.070 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\right) .$
(b) How many cubic centimeters of $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ at STP are absorbed in making 1.00 $\mathrm{cm}^{3}$ of $\mathrm{TiH}_{2} ?$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 55

The density of $\mathrm{LiH}$ is 0.78 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$.
(a) Calculate the density of hydrogen in $\mathrm{LiH}$ and the number of $\mathrm{H}$ atoms in 5.0 $\mathrm{cm}^{3}$ of $\mathrm{LiH}$.
(b) How many liters of $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 740 $\mathrm{mm}$ $\mathrm{Hg}$ are required to make 5.0 $\mathrm{cm}^{3}$ of $\mathrm{LiH}$?

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 56

How is $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ prepared (a) in industry and (b) in the laboratory? Write balanced equations for the reactions involved.

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 57

In what forms is oxygen commonly found in nature?

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 58

In the presence of a catalyst, hydrogen peroxide decomposes to water and $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ . How many liters of $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ gas at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 0.985 atm pressure can be obtained by the catalytic decomposition of 20.4 $\mathrm{g}$ of hydrogen peroxide?

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 59

In the oxyacetylene torch, how many grams of acetylene and how many liters of $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ at STP are needed to generate 1000 $\mathrm{kJ}$ of heat?

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 60

Write a balanced equation for the reaction of an excess of $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ with each of the following elements:
(a) $\mathrm{Li} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{P} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{Al} \quad$ (d) $\mathrm{Si}$

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 61

Write a balanced equation for the reaction of an excess of $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ with each of the following elements:
(a) $\mathrm{Ca} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{C} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{As} \quad$ (d) $\mathrm{B}$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 62

Draw some electron-dot structures for $\mathrm{O}_{2},$ and explain why they are inconsistent with both the paramagnetism of $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ and its $\mathrm{O}=\mathrm{O}$ double bond.

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 63

Use molecular orbital theory to account for the paramagnetism of $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ and its $\mathrm{O}=$ O double bond.

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 64

If an element forms an acidic oxide, is it more likely to form an ionic or covalent hydride?

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 65

If an element forms an ionic hydride, is it more likely to form an acidic or basic oxide?

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 66

Arrange the following oxides in order of increasing covalent character: $\mathrm{B}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}, \mathrm{BeO}, \mathrm{CO}_{2}, \mathrm{L} \mathrm{i}_{2} \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{5}$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 67

Arrange the following oxides in order of increasing ionic character: $\mathrm{SiO}_{2}, \mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{P}_{4} \mathrm{O}_{10}, \mathrm{Ga}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}, \mathrm{GeO}_{2}$

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 68

Arrange the following oxides in order of increasing basic character: $\mathrm{Al}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}, \mathrm{Cs}_{2} \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{5}$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 69

Arrange the following oxides in order of increasing acidic character: $\mathrm{BaO}, \mathrm{Cl}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}, \mathrm{SO}_{3}, \mathrm{SnO}_{2}$.

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 70

Which is more acidic?
(a) $\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}$ or $\mathrm{CrO}_{3}$
(b) $\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{5}$ or $\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}$
(c) $\mathrm{SO}_{2}$ or $\mathrm{SO}_{3}$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 71

Which is more basic?
(a) $\mathrm{CrO}$ or $\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}$
(b) $\mathrm{SnO}_{2}$ or SnO
(c) $\mathrm{As}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}$ or $\mathrm{As}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{5}$

Josh Khang

Numerade Educator

Problem 72

Write a balanced net ionic equation for the reaction of each of the following oxides with water:
(a) $\mathrm{Cl}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{O} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{SO}_{3}$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 73

Write a balanced net ionic equation for the reaction of each of the following oxides with water:
(a) $\mathrm{BaO} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{Cs}_{2} \mathrm{O} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{5}$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 74

Write a balanced net ionic equation for the reaction of the amphoteric oxide $\mathrm{ZnO}$ with:
(a) Hydrochloric acid
(b) Aqueous sodium hydroxide; the product is $\mathrm{Zn}(\mathrm{OH})_{4}^{2-}$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 75

Write a balanced net ionic equation for the reaction of the amphoteric oxide $\mathrm{Ga}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}$ with:
(a) Aqueous sulfuric acid
(b) Aqueous potassium hydroxide; the product is $\mathrm{Ga}(\mathrm{OH})_{4}^{-}$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 76

Distinguish between a peroxide and a superoxide, and give an example of each.

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 77

Classify each of the following compounds as an oxide, a peroxide, or a superoxide:
(a) $\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{GeO}_{2} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{RbO}_{2} \quad$ (d) $\mathrm{BaO}_{2}$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 78

What products are formed when the following metals are burned in an excess of air?
(a) $\mathrm{Ba} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{Ca}$ (c) $\mathrm{Cs} \quad$ (d) $\mathrm{Li} \quad$ (e) $\mathrm{Na} $

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 79

Write balanced net ionic equations for the reaction of water with:
(a) $\mathrm{BaO}_{2} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{CsO}_{2}$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 80

Draw $\mathrm{MO}$ energy-level diagrams for $\mathrm{O}_{2}, \mathrm{O}_{2},$ and $\mathrm{O}_{2}^{2-}$ , including only MOs derived from the oxygen 2$p$ atomic orbitals. Show the electron population of the $\mathrm{MOs}$. (See Section 7.14 .)
(a) Why does the O- $\mathrm{O}$ bond length increase in the series $\mathrm{O}_{2}, \mathrm{O}_{2}-, \mathrm{O}_{2}^{2-} ?$
(b) Why is $\mathrm{O}_{2}^{-}$ paramagnetic, whereas $\mathrm{O}_{2}^{2-}$ is diamagnetic?

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 81

Draw an $\mathrm{MO}$ energy-level diagram for $\mathrm{O}_{2}^{+},$ including only $\mathrm{MOs}$ derived from the oxygen 2$p$ atomic orbitals. Show the electron population of the $\mathrm{MOs}$.
(a) Predict the bond order in $\mathrm{O}_{2}^{+},$ and tell whether the
$\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{O}$ bond should be longer or shorter than that in $\mathrm{O}_{2}$.
(b) Is $\mathrm{O}_{2}^{+}$ paramagnetic or diamagnetic?

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 82

Write a balanced net ionic equation for each of the following reactions:
(a) Oxidation by $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}$ of $\mathrm{I}^{-}$ to $\mathrm{I}_{2}$ in acidic solution
(b) Reduction by $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}$ of $\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}^{2-}$ to $\mathrm{Cr}^{3+}$ in acidic solution

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 83

Write a balanced net ionic equation for each of the following reactions:
(a) Oxidation by $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}$ of $\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}$ to $\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}$ in acidic solution
(b) Reduction by $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}$ of $\mathrm{IO}_{4}-$ to $\mathrm{IO}_{3}^{-}$ in basic solution

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 84

Give a description of the electronic structure of ozone that is consistent with the two $\mathrm{O}-$ O bond lengths being equal.

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 85

What experiment could you perform to distinguish $\mathrm{O}_{3}$ from $\mathrm{O}_{2} ?$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 86

How is ozone made in the laboratory?

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 87

How many kilojoules must be supplied to convert 10.0 $\mathrm{g}$ of $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ to $\mathrm{O}_{3} ?$

David Collins

Numerade Educator

Problem 88

If seawater contains 3.5 mass $\%$ of dissolved salts, how many kilograms of salts are present in 1.0 $\mathrm{mi}^{3}$ of seawater? $\left(1 \mathrm{mi}=1609 \mathrm{m} ; \text { density of seawater }=1.025 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\right)$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 89

How many kilograms of magnesium are present in a cubic meter of seawater? Assume the Mg $^{2+}$ ion concentration listed in Table 18.3 and a density for seawater of 1.025 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 90

Give an example of a hydrate, and indicate how the water is bound.

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 91

Describe the structure of the cation in $\left[\mathrm{Fe}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{3}$.

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 92

What is the mass percent of water in plaster of paris, $\mathrm{CaSO}_{4} \cdot 1 / 2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} ?$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 93

Calculate the mass percent of water in $\mathrm{CuSO}_{4} \cdot 5 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 94

When 3.44 $\mathrm{g}$ of the mineral gypsum, $\mathrm{CaSO}_{4} \cdot x \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O},$ is heated to $128^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 2.90 \mathrm{g}$ of $\mathrm{CaSO}_{4} \cdot 1 / 2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ is obtained. What is the value of $x$ in the formula of gypsum?

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 95

Anhydrous, hygroscopic, blue $\mathrm{CoCl}_{2}$ forms red-violet $\mathrm{CoCl}_{2} \cdot x \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ on exposure to moist air. If the color change is accompanied by an 83.0$\%$ increase in mass, what is the formula of the hydrate?

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 96

To prepare $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ from water, would you allow water to react with an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent? Which of the following metals could be used in the reaction? (Hint: Recall the activity series, Section 4.8.)
(a) $\mathrm{Ag} \quad $ (b) $\mathrm{Al} \quad $ (c) $\mathrm{Au} \quad $ (d) $\mathrm{Ca} $

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 97

How many metric tons of hydrogen are required for the annual U.S. production of ammonia (9.3 million metric tons)?

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 98

How many liters of $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ at STP are required for the hydrogenation of 2.7 $\mathrm{kg}$ of $1,3$ -butadiene?
$\begin{array}{l}{\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{CH}-\mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}_{2}(g)+2 \mathrm{H}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow} \\ {\qquad 1,3 \text { -Butadiene }} & {\mathrm{CH}_{3}-\mathrm{CH}_{2}-\mathrm{CH}_{2}-\mathrm{CH}_{3}(g)} \\ & \quad\quad\quad\quad \text { Butane }\end{array}$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 99

Give the chemical formula for each of the following compounds:
(a) Calcium hydroxide $\quad$ (b) Chromium(III) oxide
(c) Rubidium superoxide $\quad$ (d) Sodium peroxide
(e) Barium hydride $\quad$ (f) Hydrogen selenide

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 100

Name each of the following compounds:
(a) $\mathrm{B}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm {SrH}_{2}$
(d) $\mathrm{CsO}_{2} \quad$ (e) $\mathrm{HClO}_{4} \quad$ (f) $\mathrm{BaO}_{2}$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 101

Which of the following molecules have similar properties, and which have quite different properties?
(a) $\mathrm{H}_{2}^{16} \mathrm{O} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{D}_{2}^{17} \mathrm{O} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{H}_{2}^{16} \mathrm{O}_{2}$
(d) $\mathrm{H}_{2}^{17} \mathrm{O} \quad$ (e) $\mathrm{D}_{2}^{17} \mathrm{O}_{2}$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 102

Three isotopes of oxygen exist $(^{16} \mathrm{O}, 17 \mathrm{O},$ and $^{18} \mathrm{O} )$
(a) How many kinds of dioxygen $\left(\mathrm{O}_{2}\right)$ molecules are possible? Write their formulas.
(b) How many kinds of ozone $\left(\mathrm{O}_{3}\right)$ molecules are possible? Write their formulas.

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 103

What is the oxidation number of oxygen in each of the following compounds?
(a) $\mathrm{Al}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{SrO}_{2}\quad$ (c) $\mathrm{SnO}_{2} \quad$ (d) $\mathrm{CsO}_{2}$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 104

Write a balanced equation for a reaction in which each of the following acts as an oxidizing agent:
(a) $\mathrm{O}_{2} \quad(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{O}_{3} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2} \quad$ (d) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \quad$ (e) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 105

How many liters of seawater (density 1.025 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} )$ must be processed to obtain 2.0 million kg of bromine? Assume the $\mathrm{Br}^{-}$ ion concentration listed in Table 18.3 and a recovery rate of 20$\% .$

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 106

Use the standard heats of formation in Appendix $\mathrm{B}$ to calculate $\Delta H^{\circ}(\text { in kilojoules) for each of the following }$ reactions:
(a) $\mathrm{CO}(g)+2 \mathrm{H}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}(l)$
(b) $\mathrm{CO}(g)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{CO}_{2}(g)+\mathrm{H}_{2}(g)$
(c) $2 \mathrm{KClO}_{3}(s) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{KCl}(s)+3 \mathrm{O}_{2}(g)$
(d) $6 \mathrm{CO}_{2}(g)+6 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l) \longrightarrow 6 \mathrm{O}_{2}(g)+\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{6}(s)$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 107

One model of an acid-base reaction involves proton transfer from the acid to a solvent water molecule to give an $\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}$ ion. Write balanced chemical equations that show how aqueous solutions of acidic oxides such as $\mathrm{SO}_{2}$ and $\mathrm{SO}_{3}$ can yield $\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}$ ions. Which of these two oxides gives a higher concentration of $\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}$ ions? Explain.

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 108

Oxygen reacts with cyclohexane $\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12}\right)$ in the presence of a catalyst to form cyclohexanol, an intermediate in nylon production:
How many liters of oxygen at $25.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 1.00 atm are required to completely react with 555 $\mathrm{g}$ of cyclohexane?

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 109

Samarium(III) oxide $\left(\mathrm{Sm}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}\right),$ used as a neutron absorber in nuclear power reactors, is formed by the reaction of samarium with oxygen at $200^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . How many liters of oxygen at $200^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 1.00 $\mathrm{atm}$ are required to completely react with 712 $\mathrm{g}$ of $\mathrm{Sm}$ ?

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 110

In addition to hydrated salts, a type of hydrate exists in which a hydrogen-bonded, ice-like, network of water molecules surrounds atoms or small molecules like xenon or methane. If the so-called methane hydrate has the elemental composition $13.06 \% \mathrm{H}, 10.04 \% \mathrm{C},$ and $76.90 \% \mathrm{O},$ what is the value of $x$ in the formula $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{4}\right)_{x}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{23} ?$

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 111

Anions such as sulfate can be removed from water by ion exchange using a resin that can be represented as $\mathrm{RN}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3}^{+} \mathrm{Cl}^{-}$ . Write a balanced equation for the exchange of sulfate by chloride.

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 112

A boiler with water that contained high concentrations of $\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}$ and $\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}-$ but no $\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}$ or $\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}$ -developed a boiler scale. Elemental analysis of the scale showed 2.34$\%$ $\mathrm{H}$ and 55.76$\% \mathrm{O}$ . Assuming the ions in the boiler scale are $\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}$ and $\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$ and that the scale is a hydrate, what is its formula?

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 113

Ammonia-borane $\left(\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{N}-\mathrm{BH}_{3}\right)$ has been proposed as a hydrogen-storage material. What is the mass percent hydrogen in ammonia-borane?

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 114

The binary compound formed by the reaction of sodium and oxygen at $300^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 5 atm is 58.19$\%$ O. What is the formula of the compound? Is it an oxide, peroxide, or superoxide?

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 115

Hydrogen peroxide reacts with sulfuric acid to generate $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{5},$ a potent oxidizing agent. Write a balanced redox equation for the oxidation of $\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}$ to $\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}$ by aqueous $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{5}$ if the byproducts are sulfate ion and water.

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 116

At $175^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ in a 0.500 $\mathrm{L}$ vessel, 3.22 $\mathrm{g}$ of a gaseous binary compound of hydrogen and germanium exerted a pressure of 1.048 $\mathrm{atm}$ . When the temperature was raised to $250^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ , the compound decomposed to its elements. The vessel was then cooled to $175^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ , and the pressure was found to be 4.192 atm. Assuming that the pressure after decomposition is only from $\mathrm{H}_{2},$ determine the formula of the germanium hydride.

Niamat Khuda

Numerade Educator

Problem 117

The sulfur–iodine cycle, an alternate process for hydrogen production, has the following three steps:
$$\mathrm{I}_{2}(g)+\mathrm{SO}_{2}(g)+2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{HI}(g)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}(8)$$
$$2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{SO}_{2}(g)+2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g)$$
$$2 \mathrm{HI}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{I}_{2}(s)+\mathrm{H}_{2}(g)$$
The first two steps are carried out at high temperatures but the third step is spontaneous only at lower temperatures.
(a) Estimate the temperature below which the third step is spontaneous. (Use data from Appendix B, and assume the $\mathrm{I}_{2}$ i is a solid under the reaction conditions.)
(b) Write a balanced equation for the overall process.

David Collins

Numerade Educator

Problem 118

How much heat (in joules) is liberated when 1.000 $\mathrm{L}$ of ozone at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 63.6 $\mathrm{mm}$ Hg decomposes to ordinary oxygen, $\mathrm{O}_{2} ?$

Sara Ross

Numerade Educator

Problem 119

Sodium hydride, which has the NaCl crystal structure, has a density of 1.39 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .$ If the ionic radius of $\mathrm{Na}^{+}$ is $102 \mathrm{pm},$ what is the ionic radius of $\mathrm{H}^{-}$ in $\mathrm{NaH}$ ?

Ahmed Ali

Numerade Educator

Problem 120

A 1.84 g sample of an alkaline earth metal hydride was treated with an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid, and the resulting gas was collected in a 1.000 $\mathrm{L}$ container at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . The measured pressure of the gas was 750.0 $\mathrm{mm}$ Hg. Identify the alkaline earth metal, and write the formula for the metal hydride.

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 121

A 250.0 mL gaseous sample of a sulfur oxide at $77^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 720.0 $\mathrm{mm}$ Hg pressure was allowed to react completely with an excess of water. Prior to reaction, the density of the gas was determined to be 2.64 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{L}$ .
(a) What is the formula for the sulfur oxide?
(b) How much heat (in kilojoules) is released when the gas reacts with the water?
(c) How many milliters of 0.160 $\mathrm{M} \mathrm{NaOH}$ is needed to neutralize the aqueous solution?

Nicole Smina

Numerade Educator

Problem 122

The putrid gas phosphine, $\mathrm{PH}_{3},$ reacts with oxygen to form phosphoric acid, $\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4},$ a low-melting solid.
(a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction. (Phosphoric acid is the only product.)
(b) The product of the reaction of 0.646 $\mathrm{g}$ of phosphine with excess oxygen is dissolved in water, and the solution is diluted to a volume of 0.250 $\mathrm{L}$ . What is the $\mathrm{pH}$ of the solution?

Jean Gephart

Numerade Educator

Problem 123

What volume of $\mathrm{PH}_{3}$ at STP combined with excess oxygen will make 2.00 $\mathrm{L}$ of aqueous $\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4}$ with $\mathrm{pH}=1.95 ?$ (See Problem 18.122 )

KS

Karli Sipps

Numerade Educator

Problem 124

At $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 740 $\mathrm{mm}$ Hg, electrolysis of water for 10.0 $\mathrm{min}$ with a constant current of 5.00 $\mathrm{A}$ yielded 352.5 $\mathrm{mL}$ of hydrogen. If the water volume was 2.0 $\mathrm{L}$ and no hydrogen escaped from the system, calculate the Henry's Law constant for hydrogen.

Sima Sarker

Numerade Educator

Problem 125

The volume of oxygen collected in the electrolysis in Problem 18.124 was 131.7 $\mathrm{mL}$ . Using the information in Problem 18.124 , calculate the Henry's Law constant for oxygen.

Nicole Smina

Numerade Educator

Problem 126

A 300.0 mL sample of ordinary water was allowed to react with 5.4 $\mathrm{g}$ of $\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{5},$ and and an excess of zinc metal was then added. The resulting gas was collected in a 500.0 $\mathrm{mL}$ container at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ .
(a) What is the partial pressure (in mm Hg) of HD in the container?
(b) How many HD molecules are present in the container?
(c) How many $\mathrm{D}_{2}$ molecules are present in the container?

Eileen Sullivan

Eileen Sullivan

Numerade Educator

Problem 127

Sodium amalgam is an alloy of sodium and mercury. The percent sodium in the alloy can be determined by treating the amalgam with an excess of hydrochloric acid and collecting the liberated $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ gas.
(a) When a 5.26 g sample of amalgam was treated with 250.0 $\mathrm{mL}$ of 0.2000 $\mathrm{M} \mathrm{HCl}$ and the liberated $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ was collected in a 500.0 $\mathrm{mL}$ container at $22^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ the gas had a pressure of 434 $\mathrm{mm}$ Hg. What is the mass percent of sodium in the amalgam?
(b) After the reaction in part (a), a 50.00 $\mathrm{mL}$ portion of the solution was titrated with 0.1000 $\mathrm{M} \mathrm{NaOH}$ . How many milliliters of the NaOH solution is needed to neutralize the excess $\mathrm{HCl}$ ?

Abdel Osman

Numerade Educator

Problem 128

Direct measurement of the normal boiling point of hydrogen peroxide is not possible because pure $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}$ explodes on heating. The boiling point can be estimated, however, from vapor-pressure data. Use the vapor pressures of 75.0 $\mathrm{mm}$ Hg at $89.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 319.2 $\mathrm{mm}$ Hg at $125.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to estimate the boiling point. Compare your result with the value given in Section 18.11 .

Susan Hallstrom

Susan Hallstrom

Numerade Educator

Problem 129

Use the data in this chapter to calculate the number of $\mathrm{Mg}^{2+}$ ions and $\mathrm{Br}^{-}$ ions in the Earth's oceans. How many metric tons of $\mathrm{MgBr}_{2}$ could be made from these ions assuming 100$\%$ recovery? (The density of seawater is 1.025 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} . )$

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator