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Quantum Groups in Two-Dimensional Physics

Cisar Gómez, Martm Ruiz-Altaba, German Sierra

Chapter 7

Integrable models at roots of unity - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Check that the condition $(7.38)$ is not preserved by the co-adjoint action of section 7.1.3.

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Problem 2

Check that the nilpotent $R$-matrix (7.63) yields

$$
R_{r 0}^{0 r}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2 \mid u\right)=\prod_{j=0}^{r-1} \frac{\mathrm{e}^u \lambda_1 \epsilon^{-j}-\mathrm{e}^{-u} \lambda_2 \epsilon^j}{\mathrm{e}^u \lambda_1 \lambda_2 \epsilon^{-j}-\mathrm{e}^{-u} \epsilon^j}
$$

When $\epsilon^3=1$, verify that the hamiltonian derived from (7.63) is indeed (7.78).

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Problem 3

Show that the hamiltonians (7.83) are equivalent to a Hubbard model with infinite Coulomb repulsion (i.e. with dynamically incorporated Pauli exclusion principle).

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Problem 4

The models at the orbifold points, with hamiltonians (7.83), belong to a family of generalized six-vertex models with lattice variables $\sigma$ in either a "singlet" $(\sigma=0)$ or a multiplet $(\sigma=1,2, \ldots, \mathcal{N})$ transforming as the fundamental irrep of $U(\mathscr{N})$. The non-vanishing Boltzmann weights are

$$
\begin{aligned}
\mathscr{R}_{00}^{00}(u) & =\mathscr{R}_{a b}^{b a}(u)
\end{aligned}=\sinh (u+i \gamma) \quad a, b \in\{1,2, \ldots, \mathscr{N}\},
$$

When $\mathcal{N}=1$, this becomes the $X X Z$ model. For $\mathscr{N}=2$ and $\gamma=\pi / 2$, we recover from this $\mathscr{R}$-matrix the hamiltonian (7.83) without the term $\sum \sigma_j^0$, which can be added by hand anyway since it commutes with all the other terms of the hamiltonian. Show that the hamiltonian $H$ associated with the $\mathscr{R}$-matrix (7.206), which acts on the space $\otimes^L \mathbb{C}^{I+N}$, is given by

$$
H_{N \Delta}=\frac{1}{\sin \gamma} \sum_{j=1}^L\left[\sum_{a=1}^N\left(\tau_{a, j}^{+} \tau_{a, j+1}^{-}+\tau_{a, j}^{-} \tau_{a, j+1}^{+}\right)+\Delta\left(\tau_j^z \tau_{j+1}^z-1\right)\right]
$$

where $\tau_a^{ \pm}$are the Pauli matrices $\sigma^{ \pm}$acting on the labels 0 and $a$ :

$$
\left(\tau_a^{+}\right)_{m n}=\delta_m^0 \delta_n^a, \quad \tau_a^{-}=\left(\tau_a^{+}\right)^{\dagger}
$$

and $\tau^z$ is a "global" $\sigma^z$ Pauli matrix

$$
\left(\tau^{\Sigma}\right)_{m n}=2 \delta_m^0 \delta_n^0-\delta_m^n
$$

not to be confused with $\tau_a^z=\left[\tau_a^{+}, \tau_a^{-}\right]$. Show that $\sum \tau_j^z$ commutes with $H_{+}, \Delta$, and that it can be added to the hamiltonian as the contribution from an external homogeneous magnetic field.

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Problem 5

In terms of the representations, it is easy to perform the chain of reductions (specializations) cyclic $\rightarrow$ semi-cyclic $\rightarrow$ nilpotent. Does this reduction carry over to the intertwiner $R$-matrices? To the hamiltonians? A particularly interesting subfamily of nilpotent hamiltonians arises for the regular spin $\lambda=\epsilon^{-1}$. Show that in this case expression (7.84) simplifies somewhat, and compare it with the chiral Potts hamiltonian (7.148) with $\phi=0$ and $\bar{\phi}=\pi / 2$. What is the physical significance of this map?

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Problem 6

Verify the conjecture (7.135) for a few simple examples, such as the unlink and the trefoil.

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Problem 7

[L. Rozansky and H. Saleur, 'Quantum field theory for multi-variable AlexanderConway polynomial', Nucl. Phys. B376 (1992) 461.]
The quantum super-group $U_q(g \ell(1,1))$ is generated by two bosonic operators, $\mathscr{N}$ and $\mathscr{E}$, and two fermionic ones, $b$ and $b^{\dagger}$, subject to the relations

$$
\left[\mathscr{N}, b^{\dagger}\right]=b^{\dagger}, \quad[\mathscr{N}, b]=-b, \quad\left\{b, b^{\dagger}\right\}=\frac{q^\delta-q^{-\delta}}{q-q^{-1}}
$$

and $\mathscr{E}$ central. This is the fermionic version of $(7.123)$, whereas the co-product of $U_q(g \ell(1,1))$ is just like (7.124). Construct the universal $\mathscr{R}$-matrix of this algebra, and specialize it to the fermionic "harmonic oscillator" irreps $(e, n)$ of dimension two. From this $R$-matrix, define a link invariant and show that it is the Alexander-Conway polynomial.

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Problem 8

Consider the special case of the $\mathbb{Z}_N$ chiral Potts model, defined by the graph in figure 7.2 , with $N=3$. This graph is exactly the Coxeter graph $D_4$. What is the relationship between the $N=3$ chiral Potts model and Pasquier's $D_4$ graph face model?

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Problem 9

Find the one-dimensional hamiltonian associated with the chiral Potts model by expanding the transfer matrix about the point in $\Gamma_\kappa \times \Gamma_\kappa$ where the Boltzmann weights are the identity. Carry out the expansion to second order, and investigate the second hamiltonian structure thus derived. Does the Reshetikhin criterion (exercise 2.8 ) apply to this case?

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Problem 10

Check that the Boltzmann weights (7.153) for the chiral Potts model satisfy the Yang-Baxter equation (7.151) provided all the rapidities $p, q$ and $r$ lie on the same spectral manifold $\Gamma_\kappa$ (7.156). In order to do so, perform first the Fourier transform of the weights (7.153) with respect to $\sigma_3$, and introduce

$$
\begin{aligned}
V_{a b} & =\sum_{k=1}^N \omega^{b k} W_{p r}(a+k) \bar{W}_{q r}(k) \\
\bar{V}_{a b} & =\sum_{k=1}^N \omega^{a k} \bar{W}_{p r}(k) W_{q r}(b+k)
\end{aligned}
$$

The proof of (7.151) follows from the remark that the product formulae in (7.153) are equivalent to a pair of linear recurrence relations for both $V_{a b}$ and $\bar{V}_{a b}$.

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Problem 11

Show that the $R$-matrix of the six-vertex model satisfies Kyoto's criterion, given in section 7.7. This proves that $R^{60}$ is a solution to the Yang-Baxter equation.

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