Question

The models at the orbifold points, with hamiltonians (7.83), belong to a family of generalized six-vertex models with lattice variables $\sigma$ in either a "singlet" $(\sigma=0)$ or a multiplet $(\sigma=1,2, \ldots, \mathcal{N})$ transforming as the fundamental irrep of $U(\mathscr{N})$. The non-vanishing Boltzmann weights are $$ \begin{aligned} \mathscr{R}_{00}^{00}(u) & =\mathscr{R}_{a b}^{b a}(u) \end{aligned}=\sinh (u+i \gamma) \quad a, b \in\{1,2, \ldots, \mathscr{N}\}, $$ When $\mathcal{N}=1$, this becomes the $X X Z$ model. For $\mathscr{N}=2$ and $\gamma=\pi / 2$, we recover from this $\mathscr{R}$-matrix the hamiltonian (7.83) without the term $\sum \sigma_j^0$, which can be added by hand anyway since it commutes with all the other terms of the hamiltonian. Show that the hamiltonian $H$ associated with the $\mathscr{R}$-matrix (7.206), which acts on the space $\otimes^L \mathbb{C}^{I+N}$, is given by $$ H_{N \Delta}=\frac{1}{\sin \gamma} \sum_{j=1}^L\left[\sum_{a=1}^N\left(\tau_{a, j}^{+} \tau_{a, j+1}^{-}+\tau_{a, j}^{-} \tau_{a, j+1}^{+}\right)+\Delta\left(\tau_j^z \tau_{j+1}^z-1\right)\right] $$ where $\tau_a^{ \pm}$are the Pauli matrices $\sigma^{ \pm}$acting on the labels 0 and $a$ : $$ \left(\tau_a^{+}\right)_{m n}=\delta_m^0 \delta_n^a, \quad \tau_a^{-}=\left(\tau_a^{+}\right)^{\dagger} $$ and $\tau^z$ is a "global" $\sigma^z$ Pauli matrix $$ \left(\tau^{\Sigma}\right)_{m n}=2 \delta_m^0 \delta_n^0-\delta_m^n $$ not to be confused with $\tau_a^z=\left[\tau_a^{+}, \tau_a^{-}\right]$. Show that $\sum \tau_j^z$ commutes with $H_{+}, \Delta$, and that it can be added to the hamiltonian as the contribution from an external homogeneous magnetic field.

    The models at the orbifold points, with hamiltonians (7.83), belong to a family of generalized six-vertex models with lattice variables $\sigma$ in either a "singlet" $(\sigma=0)$ or a multiplet $(\sigma=1,2, \ldots, \mathcal{N})$ transforming as the fundamental irrep of $U(\mathscr{N})$. The non-vanishing Boltzmann weights are

$$
\begin{aligned}
\mathscr{R}_{00}^{00}(u) & =\mathscr{R}_{a b}^{b a}(u)
\end{aligned}=\sinh (u+i \gamma) \quad a, b \in\{1,2, \ldots, \mathscr{N}\},
$$


When $\mathcal{N}=1$, this becomes the $X X Z$ model. For $\mathscr{N}=2$ and $\gamma=\pi / 2$, we recover from this $\mathscr{R}$-matrix the hamiltonian (7.83) without the term $\sum \sigma_j^0$, which can be added by hand anyway since it commutes with all the other terms of the hamiltonian. Show that the hamiltonian $H$ associated with the $\mathscr{R}$-matrix (7.206), which acts on the space $\otimes^L \mathbb{C}^{I+N}$, is given by

$$
H_{N \Delta}=\frac{1}{\sin \gamma} \sum_{j=1}^L\left[\sum_{a=1}^N\left(\tau_{a, j}^{+} \tau_{a, j+1}^{-}+\tau_{a, j}^{-} \tau_{a, j+1}^{+}\right)+\Delta\left(\tau_j^z \tau_{j+1}^z-1\right)\right]
$$

where $\tau_a^{ \pm}$are the Pauli matrices $\sigma^{ \pm}$acting on the labels 0 and $a$ :

$$
\left(\tau_a^{+}\right)_{m n}=\delta_m^0 \delta_n^a, \quad \tau_a^{-}=\left(\tau_a^{+}\right)^{\dagger}
$$

and $\tau^z$ is a "global" $\sigma^z$ Pauli matrix

$$
\left(\tau^{\Sigma}\right)_{m n}=2 \delta_m^0 \delta_n^0-\delta_m^n
$$

not to be confused with $\tau_a^z=\left[\tau_a^{+}, \tau_a^{-}\right]$. Show that $\sum \tau_j^z$ commutes with $H_{+}, \Delta$, and that it can be added to the hamiltonian as the contribution from an external homogeneous magnetic field.

Show more…
Quantum Groups in Two-Dimensional Physics
Quantum Groups in Two-Dimensional Physics
Cisar Gómez, Martm… 1st Edition
Chapter 7, Problem 4 ↓

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The non-vanishing Boltzmann weights are: $$\mathscr{R}_{00}^{00}(u) = \mathscr{R}_{a b}^{b a}(u) = \sinh (u+i \gamma)$$ $$\mathscr{R}_{0 a}^{0 a}(u) = \mathscr{R}_{a 0}^{a 0}(u) = \sinh u$$ $$\mathscr{R}_{0 a}^{a 0}(u) = \mathscr{R}_{a 0}^{0 a}(u) = i \sin  Show more…

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The models at the orbifold points, with hamiltonians (7.83), belong to a family of generalized six-vertex models with lattice variables $\sigma$ in either a "singlet" $(\sigma=0)$ or a multiplet $(\sigma=1,2, \ldots, \mathcal{N})$ transforming as the fundamental irrep of $U(\mathscr{N})$. The non-vanishing Boltzmann weights are $$ \begin{aligned} \mathscr{R}_{00}^{00}(u) & =\mathscr{R}_{a b}^{b a}(u) \end{aligned}=\sinh (u+i \gamma) \quad a, b \in\{1,2, \ldots, \mathscr{N}\}, $$ When $\mathcal{N}=1$, this becomes the $X X Z$ model. For $\mathscr{N}=2$ and $\gamma=\pi / 2$, we recover from this $\mathscr{R}$-matrix the hamiltonian (7.83) without the term $\sum \sigma_j^0$, which can be added by hand anyway since it commutes with all the other terms of the hamiltonian. Show that the hamiltonian $H$ associated with the $\mathscr{R}$-matrix (7.206), which acts on the space $\otimes^L \mathbb{C}^{I+N}$, is given by $$ H_{N \Delta}=\frac{1}{\sin \gamma} \sum_{j=1}^L\left[\sum_{a=1}^N\left(\tau_{a, j}^{+} \tau_{a, j+1}^{-}+\tau_{a, j}^{-} \tau_{a, j+1}^{+}\right)+\Delta\left(\tau_j^z \tau_{j+1}^z-1\right)\right] $$ where $\tau_a^{ \pm}$are the Pauli matrices $\sigma^{ \pm}$acting on the labels 0 and $a$ : $$ \left(\tau_a^{+}\right)_{m n}=\delta_m^0 \delta_n^a, \quad \tau_a^{-}=\left(\tau_a^{+}\right)^{\dagger} $$ and $\tau^z$ is a "global" $\sigma^z$ Pauli matrix $$ \left(\tau^{\Sigma}\right)_{m n}=2 \delta_m^0 \delta_n^0-\delta_m^n $$ not to be confused with $\tau_a^z=\left[\tau_a^{+}, \tau_a^{-}\right]$. Show that $\sum \tau_j^z$ commutes with $H_{+}, \Delta$, and that it can be added to the hamiltonian as the contribution from an external homogeneous magnetic field.
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Key Concepts

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Global Symmetry and Conservation Laws
Operators that commute with the Hamiltonian, such as the total magnetization or global spin component, reflect the presence of symmetries in the system. These conserved quantities enable the addition of external field-like terms (for example, a homogeneous magnetic field) to the Hamiltonian without affecting its integrability, providing a powerful tool for exploring the model’s behavior under symmetry-breaking perturbations.
R-matrix Formulation
The R-matrix encodes the interaction rules for the system in an integrable model, providing Boltzmann weights for lattice configurations. It satisfies the Yang–Baxter equation, which is central in ensuring the model’s integrability. This framework allows the systematic derivation of transfer matrices and, subsequently, Hamiltonians governing the dynamics of the system.
Hamiltonian Derivation from the R-matrix
In integrable models, the Hamiltonian is extracted from the R-matrix by constructing the transfer matrix and taking its logarithmic derivative with respect to the spectral parameter. This process ensures that the Hamiltonian is compatible with the integrable structure, inheriting commutation relations and conserved quantities dictated by the underlying R-matrix.
Integrable Lattice Models
These models, such as the generalized six-vertex model, are defined on discrete lattices with local variables on each site. Their integrability is tied to the specific form of interaction rules (or weights) that satisfy consistency conditions like the Yang–Baxter equation, leading to a large number of conserved quantities and exact solvability.
Quantum Spin Chains and Representations
Quantum spin chains are systems in which each lattice site carries a quantum state (often represented by spin operators such as the Pauli matrices) and interactions occur between neighboring sites. The formulation in terms of spin representations enables the use of algebraic methods and symmetry considerations, essential for analyzing models like the XXZ chain and its generalizations.

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