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Introductory Chemistry

Nivaldo J. Tro

Chapter 12

Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces - all with Video Answers

Educators


Chapter Questions

02:02

Problem 1

What are intermolecular forces? Why are intermolecular forces important?

RD
Ryan Daly
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01:27

Problem 2

Why are water droplets spherical?

Marissa Turner
Marissa Turner
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00:56

Problem 3

What determines whether a substance is a solid, liquid, or gas?

Marissa Turner
Marissa Turner
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01:28

Problem 4

What are the properties of liquids? Explain the properties of liquids in terms of the molecules or atoms that compose them.

Marissa Turner
Marissa Turner
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01:25

Problem 5

What are the properties of solids? Explain the properties of solids in terms of the molecules or atoms that compose them.

Marissa Turner
Marissa Turner
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01:43

Problem 6

What is the difference between a crystalline solid and an amorphous solid?

Ahmed Ali
Ahmed Ali
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01:26

Problem 7

What is surface tension? How does it depend on intermolecular forces?

Marissa Turner
Marissa Turner
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00:51

Problem 8

What is viscosity? How does it depend on intermolecular forces?

Marissa Turner
Marissa Turner
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01:16

Problem 9

What is evaporation? Condensation?

Marissa Turner
Marissa Turner
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01:17

Problem 10

Why does a glass of water evaporate more slowly in the glass than if you spilled the same amount of water on a table?

Marissa Turner
Marissa Turner
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01:36

Problem 11

Explain the difference between evaporation below the boiling point of a liquid and evaporation at the boiling point of
a liquid.

Marissa Turner
Marissa Turner
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00:55

Problem 12

What is the boiling point of a liquid? What is the normal boiling point?

Marissa Turner
Marissa Turner
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01:00

Problem 13

Acetone evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you say about the relative strength of the intermolecular forces in the two compounds? Which substance is more volatile?

Marissa Turner
Marissa Turner
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00:54

Problem 14

Explain condensation and dynamic equilibrium.

Marissa Turner
Marissa Turner
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01:11

Problem 15

What is the vapor pressure of a substance? How does it depend on the temperature and strength of intermolecular forces?

Marissa Turner
Marissa Turner
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01:16

Problem 15

What is the vapor pressure of a substance? How does it depend on the temperature and strength of intermolecular forces?

Marissa Turner
Marissa Turner
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01:13

Problem 16

Explain how sweat cools the body.

Marissa Turner
Marissa Turner
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01:16

Problem 17

Explain why a steam burn from gaseous water at $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is worse than a water burn involving the same amount of liquid water at $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$

Marissa Turner
Marissa Turner
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01:24

Problem 18

Explain what happens when a liquid boils.

Marissa Turner
Marissa Turner
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01:20

Problem 19

Explain why the water in a cup placed in a small ice chest (without a refrigeration mechanism) initially at $-5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ does not freeze.

Marissa Turner
Marissa Turner
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01:03

Problem 20

Explain how ice cubes cool down beverages.

Marissa Turner
Marissa Turner
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01:45

Problem 21

Is the melting of ice endothermic or exothermic? What is the sign of $\Delta H$ for the melting of ice? For the freezing of water?

Marissa Turner
Marissa Turner
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04:14

Problem 22

Is the boiling of water endothermic or exothermic? What is the sign of $\Delta H$ for the boiling of water? For the condensation of steam?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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04:24

Problem 23

What are dispersion forces? How does the strength of dispersion forces relate to molar mass?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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02:27

Problem 24

What are dipole-dipole forces? How can you tell whether a compound has dipole-dipole forces?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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04:41

Problem 25

What is hydrogen bonding? How can you tell whether a compound has hydrogen bonding?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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04:26

Problem 26

What are ion-dipole forces? What kinds of substances contain ion-dipole forces?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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06:23

Problem 27

List the four types of intermolecular forces discussed in this chapter in order of increasing relative strength.

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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03:00

Problem 28

What is a molecular solid? What kinds of forces hold molecular solids together?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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05:26

Problem 29

How do the melting points of molecular solids relate to those of other types of solids?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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04:39

Problem 30

What is an ionic solid? What kinds of forces hold ionic solids together?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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06:27

Problem 31

How do the melting points of ionic solids relate to those of other types of solids?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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03:00

Problem 32

What is an atomic solid? What are the properties of atomic solids?

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04:20

Problem 33

In what ways is water unique?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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05:56

Problem 34

How would ice be different if it were denser than water? How would that affect aquatic life in cold-climate lakes?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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02:16

Problem 35

Which evaporates more quickly: 55 mL of water in a beaker with a diameter of $4.5 \mathrm{cm}$ or $55 \mathrm{mL}$ of water in a dish with a diameter of $12 \mathrm{cm} ?$ Why?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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05:02

Problem 36

Two samples of pure water of equal volume are put into separate dishes and kept at room temperature for several days. The water in the first dish is completely vaporized after 2.8 days, while the water in the second dish takes 8.3 days to completely evaporate. What can you conclude about the two dishes?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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02:59

Problem 37

One milliliter of water is poured onto one hand, and one milliliter of acetone (fingernail-polish remover) is poured onto the other. As they evaporate, they both feel cool. Which one feels cooler and why? (Hint: Which substance is more volatile?)

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Shazia Naz
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04:19

Problem 38

Spilling water over your skin on a hot day will cool you down. Spilling vegetable oil over your skin on a hot day will not. Explain the difference.

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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03:52

Problem 39

Several ice cubes are placed in a beaker on a lab bench, and their temperature, initially at $-5.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ is monitored. Explain what happens to the temperature as a function of time. Make a sketch of how the temperature might change with time. (Assume that the lab is at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ )

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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05:17

Problem 40

Water is put into a beaker and heated with a Bunsen burner. The temperature of the water, initially at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, is monitored. Explain what happens to the temperature as a function of time. Make a sketch of how the temperature might change with time. (Assume that the Bunsen burner is hot enough to heat the water to its boiling point.)

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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05:20

Problem 41

Which causes a more severe burn: spilling $0.50 \mathrm{g}$ of $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ water on your hand or allowing $0.50 \mathrm{g}$ of $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ steam to condense on your hand? Why?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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05:20

Problem 42

The nightly winter temperature drop in a seaside town is usually less than that in nearby towns that are farther inland. Explain.

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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03:23

Problem 43

When a plastic bag containing a water and ice mixture is placed in an ice chest initially at $-8^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, the temperature of the ice chest goes up. Why?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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04:02

Problem 44

The refrigeration mechanism in a freezer with an automatic ice maker runs extensively each time ice forms from liquid water in the freezer. Why?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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04:33

Problem 45

An ice chest is filled with $3.5 \mathrm{kg}$ of ice at $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .$ A second ice chest is filled with $3.5 \mathrm{kg}$ of water at $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. After several hours, which ice chest is colder? Why?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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05:14

Problem 46

Why does $50 \mathrm{g}$ of water initially at $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ warm more quickly than $50 \mathrm{g}$ of an ice/ water mixture initially at $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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05:59

Problem 47

In Denver, Colorado, water boils at $95^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Explain.

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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06:10

Problem 48

At the top of Mount Everest, water boils at $70^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Explain.

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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06:15

Problem 49

How much heat is required to vaporize $33.8 \mathrm{g}$ of water at $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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06:19

Problem 50

How much heat is required to vaporize $43.9 \mathrm{g}$ of acetone at its boiling point?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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07:11

Problem 51

How much heat does your body lose when $2.8 \mathrm{g}$ of sweat evaporates from your skin at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$ (Assume that the sweat is only water.)

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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02:08

Problem 52

How much heat does your body lose when $4.86 \mathrm{g}$ of sweat evaporates from your skin at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$ (Assume that the sweat is only water.)

Jennifer Hudspeth
Jennifer Hudspeth
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03:34

Problem 53

How much heat is emitted when $4.25 \mathrm{g}$ of water condenses at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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03:57

Problem 54

How much heat is emitted when $65.6 \mathrm{g}$ of isopropyl alcohol condenses at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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03:50

Problem 55

The human body obtains $835 \mathrm{kJ}$ of energy from a chocolate chip cookie. If this energy were used to vaporize water at $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ how many grams of water could be vaporized? (Assume that the density of water is $1.0 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$ )

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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05:01

Problem 56

The human body obtains 1078 kJ from a candy bar. If this energy were used to vaporize water at $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, how much water in liters could be vaporized? (Assume that the density of water is $1.0 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL} .)$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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04:58

Problem 57

How much heat is required to melt $37.4 \mathrm{g}$ of ice at $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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03:11

Problem 58

How much heat is required to melt $23.9 \mathrm{g}$ of solid diethyl ether (at its melting point)?

Jennifer Hudspeth
Jennifer Hudspeth
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02:01

Problem 59

How much energy is released when $34.2 \mathrm{g}$ of water freezes?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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01:42

Problem 60

How much energy is released when 2.55 kg of diethyl ether freezes?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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04:30

Problem 61

How much heat is required to convert $2.55 \mathrm{g}$ of water at $28.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to steam at $100.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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01:04

Problem 62

How much heat is required to convert $5.88 \mathrm{g}$ of ice at $-12.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to water at $25.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ? (The heat capacity of ice is $2.09 \mathrm{J} / \mathrm{g}^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.)

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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02:01

Problem 63

What kinds of intermolecular forces are present in each substance?
(a) Kr
(b) $\mathrm{N}_{2}$
(c) CO
(d) HF

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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01:42

Problem 64

What kinds of intermolecular forces are present in each substance?
(a) HCl
(b) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$
(c) $\mathrm{Br}_{2}$
(d) He

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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04:30

Problem 65

What kinds of intermolecular forces are present in each substance?
(a) $\mathrm{NCl}_{3}$ (trigonal pyramidal)
(b) $\mathrm{NH}_{3}$ (trigonal pyramidal)
(c) $\mathrm{SiH}_{4}$ (tetrahedral)
(d) $\mathrm{CCl}_{4}$ (tetrahedral)

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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02:20

Problem 66

What kinds of intermolecular forces are present in each substance?
(a) $\mathrm{O}_{3}$
(b) HBr
(c) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}$
(d) $\mathrm{I}_{2}$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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02:13

Problem 67

What kinds of intermolecular forces are present in a mixture of potassium chloride and water?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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02:15

Problem 68

What kinds of intermolecular forces are present in a mixture of calcium bromide and water?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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01:04

Problem 69

Which substance has the highest boiling point? Why? Hint:
They are all nonpolar.
(a) $\mathrm{CH}_{4}$
(b) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$
(c) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$
(d) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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02:06

Problem 70

Which noble gas has the highest boiling point? Why?
(a) $\mathrm{Kr}$
(b) Xe
(c) Rn

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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02:08

Problem 71

One of these two substances is a liquid at room temperature and the other one is a gas. Which one is the liquid and why?
$$
\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH} \quad \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{SH}
$$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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03:02

Problem 72

One of these two substances is a liquid at room temperature and the other one is a gas. Which one is the liquid and why?
$$
\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OCH}_{3} \quad \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}
$$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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03:20

Problem 73

Aflask containing a mixture of $\mathrm{NH}_{3}(g)$ and $\mathrm{CH}_{4}(g)$ is cooled. At $-33.3^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ a liquid begins to form in the flask. What is the liquid?

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02:46

Problem 74

Explain why $\mathrm{CS}_{2}$ is a liquid at room temperature while $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ is a gas.

Shazia Naz
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03:45

Problem 75

Are $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$ and $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ miscible?

Shazia Naz
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03:50

Problem 76

Are $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}$ and $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ miscible?

Shazia Naz
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03:44

Problem 77

Determine whether a homogeneous solution forms when each pair of substances is mixed.
(a) $\mathrm{CCl}_{4}$ and $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$
(b) $\mathrm{Br}_{2}$ and $\mathrm{CCl}_{4}$
(c) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}$ and $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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03:55

Problem 78

Determine whether a homogeneous solution forms when each pair of substances is mixed.
(a) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$ and $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$
(b) $\mathrm{CBr}_{4}$ and $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$
(c) $\mathrm{Cl}_{2}$ and $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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02:08

Problem 79

Identify each solid as molecular, ionic, or atomic.
(a) $\operatorname{Ar}(s)$
(b) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(s)$
(c) $\mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{O}(s)$
(d) $\operatorname{Fe}(s)$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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02:04

Problem 80

Identify each solid as molecular, ionic, or atomic.
(a) $\mathrm{CaCl}_{2}(s)$
(b) $\mathrm{CO}_{2}(\mathrm{s})$
(c) $\mathrm{Ni}(s)$
(d) $\mathrm{I}_{2}(s)$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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01:53

Problem 81

Identify each solid as molecular, ionic, or atomic.
(a) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{S}(s)$
(b) $\mathrm{KCl}(s)$
(c) $\mathrm{N}_{2}(\mathrm{s})$
(d) $\mathrm{NI}_{3}(s)$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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01:39

Problem 82

Identify each solid as molecular, ionic, or atomic.
(a) $\mathrm{SF}_{6}(\mathrm{s})$
(b) $C(s)$
(c) $\mathrm{MgCl}_{2}(s)$
(d) $\mathrm{Ti}(s)$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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03:54

Problem 83

Which solid has the highest melting point? Why?
(a) Ar(s)
(b) $\mathrm{CCl}_{4}(s)$
(c) $\operatorname{LiCl}(s)$
(d) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}(s)$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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02:18

Problem 84

Which solid has the highest melting point? Why?
(a) $\mathrm{C}(\mathrm{s}, \text { diamond })$
(b) $\mathrm{Kr}(s)$
(c) $\mathrm{NaCl}(s)$
(d) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(s)$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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05:32

Problem 85

For each pair of solids, determine which solid has the higher melting point and explain why.
(a) $\mathrm{Ti}(\mathrm{s})$ and $\mathrm{Ne}(\mathrm{s})$
(b) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{s})$ and $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{S}(s)$
(c) $\operatorname{Kr}(s)$ and $\operatorname{Xe}(s)$
(d) $\mathrm{NaCl}(s)$ and $\mathrm{CH}_{4}(s)$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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07:42

Problem 86

For each pair of solids, determine which solid has the higher melting point and explain why.
(a) $\operatorname{Fe}(s)$ and $\mathrm{CCl}_{4}(s)$
(b) $\mathrm{KCl}(s)$ or $\mathrm{HCl}(s)$
(c) $\mathrm{TiO}_{2}(\mathrm{s})$ or $\mathrm{HOOH}(s)$

Jennifer Hudspeth
Jennifer Hudspeth
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02:15

Problem 87

List these substances in order of increasing boiling point:
$$
\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{Ne}, \mathrm{NH}_{3}, \mathrm{NaF}, \mathrm{SO}_{2}
$$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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01:33

Problem 88

List these substances in order of decreasing boiling point:
$$
\mathrm{CO}_{2}, \mathrm{Ne}, \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}, \mathrm{KF}
$$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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06:19

Problem 89

Ice actually has negative caloric content. How much energy, in each of the following units, does your body lose from eating (and therefore melting) $78 \mathrm{g}$ of ice?
(a) joules
(b) kilojoules
(c) calories ( 1 cal $=4.18$ J)
(d) nutritional Calories
$" \mathrm{C}^{\prime \prime} \quad$ Calories
or capital $(1000 \mathrm{cal}=1 \mathrm{Cal})$

Jennifer Hudspeth
Jennifer Hudspeth
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06:01

Problem 90

Ice has negative caloric content. How much energy, in each of the following units, does your body lose from eating (and therefore melting) $145 \mathrm{g}$ of ice?
(a) joules
(b) kilojoules
(c) calories (1 cal $=4.18 \mathrm{J}$ )
(d) nutritional Calories or capital "C" calories $(1000 \mathrm{cal}=1 \mathrm{Cal})$

Jennifer Hudspeth
Jennifer Hudspeth
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05:21

Problem 91

An $8.5-g$ ice cube is placed into 255 g of water. Calculate the temperature change in the water upon the complete melting of the ice. Hint: Determine how much heat is absorbed by the melting ice and then use $q=m C \Delta T$ to calculate the temperature change of the $255 \mathrm{g}$ of water.

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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04:58

Problem 92

A $14.7-g$ ice cube is placed into $324 \mathrm{g}$ of water. Calculate the temperature change in the water upon complete melting of the ice. Hint: Determine how much heat is absorbed by the melting ice and then use $q=m C \Delta T$ to calculate the temperature change of the $324 \mathrm{g}$ of water.

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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06:16

Problem 93

How much ice in grams would have to melt to lower the temperature of $352 \mathrm{mL}$ of water from $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$ (Assume that the density of water is $1.0 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL} .)$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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04:33

Problem 94

How much ice in grams would have to melt to lower the temperature of $55.8 \mathrm{g}$ of water from $55.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$ (Assume that the density of water is $1.0 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL} .$ )

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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13:31

Problem 95

How much heat in kilojoules is evolved in converting 1.00 mol of steam at $145^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to ice at $-50.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ? The heat capacity of steam is $1.84 \mathrm{J} / \mathrm{g}^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and that of ice is $2.09 \mathrm{J} / \mathrm{g}^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$

Jennifer Hudspeth
Jennifer Hudspeth
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12:42

Problem 96

How much heat in kilojoules is required to warm $10.0 \mathrm{g}$ of ice, initially at $-10.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ to steam at $110.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .$ The heat capacity of ice is $2.09 \mathrm{J} / \mathrm{g}^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and that of steam is $1.84 \mathrm{J} / \mathrm{g}^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$

Jennifer Hudspeth
Jennifer Hudspeth
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04:47

Problem 97

Draw a Lewis structure for each molecule and determine its molecular geometry. What kind of intermolecular forces are present in each substance?
(a) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{Se}$
(b) $\mathrm{SO}_{2}$
(c) $\mathrm{CHCl}_{3}$
(d) $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
Numerade Educator
04:14

Problem 98

Draw a Lewis structure for each molecule and determine its molecular geometry. What kind of intermolecular forces are present in each substance?
(a) $\mathrm{BCl}_{3}$ (remember that $\mathrm{B}$ is a frequent exception to the octet rule)
(b) HCOH (carbon is central; each H and O bonded directly to C)
(c) $\mathrm{CS}_{2}$
(d) $\mathrm{NCl}_{3}$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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02:54

Problem 99

The melting point of ionic solids depends on the magnitude of the electrostatic attractions that hold the solid together. Draw ionic Lewis structures for NaF and MgO. Which do you think has the higher melting point?

Shazia Naz
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03:07

Problem 100

Draw ionic Lewis structures for $\mathrm{KF}$ and $\mathrm{CaO}$. Use the information and the method in the previous problem to predict which of these two ionic solids has the higher melting point.

Shazia Naz
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02:29

Problem 101

Explain the observed trend in the melting points of the alkyl halides. Why is HF atypical?

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02:22

Problem 102

Explain the observed trend in the boiling points of the compounds listed. Why is $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ atypical?

Shazia Naz
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05:00

Problem 103

An ice cube at $0.00^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with a mass of $23.5 \mathrm{g}$ is placed into $550.0 \mathrm{g}$ of water, initially at $28.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ in an insulated container. Assuming that no heat is lost to the surroundings, what is the temperature of the entire water sample after all of the ice has melted?

Shazia Naz
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03:31

Problem 104

If $1.10 \mathrm{g}$ of steam at $100.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ condenses into $38.5 \mathrm{g}$ of water, initially at $27.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, in an insulated container, what is the final temperature of the entire water sample? Assume no loss of heat into the surroundings.

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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02:19

Problem 105

Consider the molecular view of water shown here. Pick a molecule in the interior and draw a line to each of its direct neighbors. Pick a molecule near the edge (analogous to a molecule on the surface in three dimensions) and do the same. Which molecule has the most neighbors? Which molecule is more likely to evaporate?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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03:51

Problem 106

Water does not easily remove grease from dirty hands because grease is nonpolar and water is polar; therefore they are immiscible. The addition of soap, however, results in the removal of the grease. Examine the structure of soap shown here and explain how soap works.

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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06:43

Problem 107

One prediction of global warming is the melting of global ice, which may result in coastal flooding. A criticism of this prediction is that the melting of icebergs does not increase ocean levels any more than the melting of ice in a glass of water increases the level of liquid in the glass.
(a) Is this a valid criticism? Does the melting of an ice cube in a cup of water raise the level of the liquid in the cup? Why or why not?
A response to this criticism is that scientists are not worried about rising ocean levels due to melting icebergs; rather, scientists are worried about rising ocean levels due to melting ice sheets that sit on the continent of Antarctica.
(b) Would the melting of the ice sheets increase ocean lev-
els? Why or why not?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
Numerade Educator
02:59

Problem 108

Explain why rubbing alcohol feels cold when applied to the skin.

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
Numerade Educator
09:48

Problem 109

Consider the following compounds.
(a) Calculate the molar mass of each compound.
(b) Redraw each Lewis structure and indicate polar bonds with $\delta+$ and $\delta-$
(c) Indicate which of these molecules would be considered polar, and why.
(d) Indicate which of these molecules can hydrogen-bond, and why.
(e) Identify the predominant intermolecular force in each molecule.
(f) Rank the molecules in order of increasing boiling point.
(g) Why is your answer to part a important in answering part f?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
Numerade Educator
03:05

Problem 110

Look up the boiling points of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Which intermolecular force would you cite to account for the difference? Explain.

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
Numerade Educator
05:50

Problem 111

The existence of "triads" of elements was a big clue that eventually led to the discovery of the periodic table. A triad is a group of three elements for which the middle element has properties that are the average of the properties of the first and third elements. Some triads include: $(\mathrm{O}, \mathrm{S}, \mathrm{Se}) ;(\mathrm{Cl}, \mathrm{Br}, \mathrm{I}) ;$ and $(\mathrm{Li}, \mathrm{Na}, \mathrm{K}) .$ Verify that
the atomic weight of the middle element in each triad is approximately the average of the other two. Explain why the melting points of the compounds formed by combining each element with hydrogen (e.g., $\mathrm{HCl}$, HBr, and HI) might be expected to show the same trend.

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
Numerade Educator
03:35

Problem 112

How much sweat (in $\mathrm{mL}$ ) would you have to evaporate per hour to remove the same amount of heat a $100 \mathrm{W}$ light bulb produces? $(1 \mathrm{W}=1 \mathrm{J} / \mathrm{s} .)$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
Numerade Educator