Chemistry: An Atoms-Focused Approach

Thomas R. Gilbert, Rein V. Kirss, Natalie Foster

Chapter 1

Matter and Energy: An Atomic Perspective - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

Problem 1

For each image in Figure $\mathrm{P} 1.1,$ identify what class of pure substance is depicted (an element or compound) and identify the physical state(s).
(FIGURE CAN'T COPY)

Himanshu Garg

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 2

For each image in Figure $\mathrm{P} 1.2,$ identify what class of matter is depicted (an element, a compound, a mixture of elements, or a mixture of compounds) and identify the physical state.
(FIGURE CAN'T COPY)

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 3

Which of the following statements best describes the change depicted in Figure $\mathrm{P} 1.3 ?$
a. A mixture of two gaseous elements undergoes a chemical reaction, forming a gaseous compound.
b. A mixture of two gaseous elements undergoes a chemical reaction, forming a solid compound.
c. A mixture of two gaseous elements undergoes deposition.
d. A mixture of two gaseous elements condenses.
(FIGURE CAN'T COPY)

Evan Schroeder

Numerade Educator

Problem 3

Which of the following statements best describes the change depicted in Figure P1.4?
a. A mixture of two gaseous elements is cooled to a temperature at which one of them condenses.
b. A mixture of two gaseous compounds is heated to a temperature at which one of them decomposes.
c. A mixture of two gaseous elements undergoes deposition.
d. A mixture of two gaseous elements reacts to form two compounds, one of which is a liquid.
(FIGURE CAN'T COPY)

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 5

A space-filling model of formic acid is shown in Figure P1.5. What is the molecular formula of formic acid?
(FIGURE CAN'T COPY)

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 6

Use representations [A] through [I] in Figure $P 1.6$ to answer questions a-f.
a. Which molecule contains the most atoms?
b. Which compound contains the most elements?
c. Which representation depicts a solid solution?
d. Which representation depicts a homogeneous mixture?
e. Which pure substances are compounds?
f. Which pure substances are elements?
(FIGURE CAN'T COPY)

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 7

How does a hypothesis differ from a scientific theory?

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 8

How does a hypothesis become a theory?

Jacquelyn Tschudy

Jacquelyn Tschudy

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Problem 9

Describe how Dalton's atomic theory supported his law of multiple proportions.

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 10

Why was the belief that matter consists of atoms a philosophy in ancient Greece but was considered a theory in the early 1800 s?

Jacquelyn Tschudy

Jacquelyn Tschudy

Numerade Educator

Problem 11

Why was Proust's law of definite proportions opposed by many scientists of his time?

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 12

Describe a chemical reaction that produces two compounds whose compositions illustrate Dalton's law of multiple proportions.

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 13

Describe how a scientific theory differs from the meaning of $theory$ as it is used in normal conversation.

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 14

Can a theory be proven?

Jacquelyn Tschudy

Jacquelyn Tschudy

Numerade Educator

Problem 15

Which of the following foods is a heterogeneous mixture?
(a) bottled water; (b) a Snickers bar; (c) grape juice; (d) an uncooked hamburger

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 16

Which of the following foods is a homogeneous mixture?
(a) freshly brewed coffee; (b) vinegar; (c) a slice of white bread; (d) a slice of ham

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 17

Which of the following foods is a heterogeneous mixture?
(a) apple juice; (b) cooking oil; (c) solid butter; (d) orange juice; (e) tomato juice

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 18

Which of the following is a homogeneous mixture? (a) a bronze sword from ancient Greece; (b) sweat; (c) Nile River water; (d) gasoline; (e) compressed air in a scuba tank.

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 19

Filters can be used to remove suspended particles of soil from drinking water. Would distillation also remove these particles? If so, suggest a reason why it is not widely used.

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 20

Which of the colored compounds in the photograph in Figure $1.9(\mathrm{b})$ interact more strongly with the stationary phase of the separation: those at the very top or those below them? Assume the liquid phase migrates upward.

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 21

List one chemical and four physical properties of gold.

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 22

Describe three physical properties that gold and silver have in common and three physical properties that distinguish them.

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 23

Give three properties that enable a person to distinguish between table sugar, water, and oxygen.

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 24

Give three properties that enable a person to distinguish between table salt, sand, and copper.

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 25

Indicate whether each of the following properties is a physical or chemical property of sodium (Na):
a. Its density is greater than that of kerosene and less than that of water.
b. It has a lower melting point than most other metals.
c. It is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity.
d. It is soft and can be easily cut with a knife.
e. Freshly cut sodium is shiny, but it rapidly tarnishes when it comes in contact with air.
f. It reacts very vigorously with water, releasing hydrogen $\operatorname{gas}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2}\right)$

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 26

Indicate whether each of the following is a physical or chemical property of hydrogen gas $\left(\mathrm{H}_{2}\right):$
a. At room temperature, its density is less than that of any other gas.
b. It reacts vigorously with oxygen $\left(\mathrm{O}_{2}\right)$ to form water.
c. Liquefied $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ boils at $-253^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$
d. $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ gas does not conduct electricity.

Ronald Prasad

Numerade Educator

Problem 27

Can an extensive property be used to identify a substance? Explain why or why not.

Evan Schroeder

Numerade Educator

Problem 28

Which of the following are intensive properties of a sample of a substance? (a) freezing point; (b) heat content;
(c) temperature

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 29

Is the capacity of carbon dioxide to extinguish fires linked to its chemical properties, its physical properties, or both? Explain your answer.

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 30

The stainless steel used to make kitchen knives and many other tools gets its name from its capacity to resist corrosion and, therefore, stain less. Is this a chemical or physical property of stainless steel?

Kaela Piechowicz

Kaela Piechowicz

Numerade Educator

Problem 31

In what ways are the arrangements of water molecules in ice and liquid water similar and in what ways are they different?

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 32

What occupies the space between the particles that make up a gas?

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 33

Substances have characteristic triple points, unique combinations of temperature and pressure at which substances can simultaneously exist as solids, liquids, and gases. In which of these three states do the particles of a substance at its triple point have the greatest motion and in which state do they have the least motion?

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 34

A pot of water on a stove is heated to a rapid boil. Identify the gas inside the bubbles that forms in the boiling water.

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 35

A brief winter storm leaves a dusting of snow on the ground. During the sunny but very cold day after the storm, the snow disappears even though the air temperature never gets above freezing. If the snow didn't melt, where did it go?

Evan Schroeder

Numerade Educator

Problem 36

Equal masses of water undergo condensation, deposition, evaporation, and sublimation.
a. Which of the processes is accompanied by the release of the greatest amount of energy?
b. In which of the processes is the greatest amount of energy absorbed?

Pam Owens

Numerade Educator

Problem 37

How are energy and work related?

David Collins

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Problem 38

Explain the difference between potential energy and kinetic energy.

David Collins

Numerade Educator

Problem 39

Which of the following statements about heat are true?
a. Heat is the transfer of energy from a warmer place to a cooler one.
b. Heat flows faster from a full container of hot coffee than a half-full container of coffee at the same temperature.
c. A cup of hot coffee loses heat faster than the same cup full of warm coffee.

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 40

Describe three examples of energy transfer that happen when you speak on a cell phone to a friend.

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 41

A subcompact car with a mass of $1400 \mathrm{kg}$ and a loaded dump truck with a mass of $18,000 \mathrm{kg}$ are traveling at the same speed. How many times more kinetic energy does the dump truck have than the car?

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 42

Major League Baseball pitchers throw a pitch called a change up, which looks like a fastball leaving the pitcher's hand but has less speed than a typical fastball. How much more kinetic energy does a 92 mph fastball have than a 78 mph change up? Express your answer as a percentage of the kinetic energy of the change up.

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 43

Describe in general terms how the SI and U.S. customary systems of units differ.

Evan Schroeder

Numerade Educator

Problem 44

Suggest two reasons why SI units are not more widely used in the United States.

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 45

Both the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales are based on reference temperatures that are 100 degrees apart. Suggest a reason why the Celsius scale is preferred by scientists.

Himanshu Garg

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Problem 46

In what way are the Celsius and Kelvin scales similar and in what way are they different?

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 47

What is meant by an absolute temperature scale?

Jacquelyn Tschudy

Jacquelyn Tschudy

Numerade Educator

Problem 48

Can a temperature in "C ever have the same value in ' $\mathrm{F} ?$

Evan Schroeder

Numerade Educator

Problem 49

Olympic Mile An Olympic "mile" is actually 1500 m. What percentage is an Olympic mile of a U.S. mile $(5280 \mathrm{ft}) ?$

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 50

A sport-utility vehicle has an average mileage rating of 18 miles per gallon. How many gallons of gasoline are needed for a 389 -mile trip?

Nicole Krahulik

Nicole Krahulik

Numerade Educator

Problem 51

A single strand of natural silk may be as long as $4.0 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{m}$ What is this length in miles?

Jacquelyn Tschudy

Jacquelyn Tschudy

Numerade Educator

Problem 52

The speed of light in a vacuum is $2.998 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s} .$ What is the speed of light in $\mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h}$ ?

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 53

If a wheelchair-marathon racer moving at 13.1 miles per hour expends energy at a rate of 665 Calories per hour, how much energy in Calories would be required to complete a marathon race ( 26.2 miles) at that pace?

Evan Schroeder

Numerade Educator

Problem 54

To qualify to run in the 2016 Boston Marathon, a distance of 26.2 miles, an 18 -year-old woman had to have completed another marathon in 3 hours and 35 minutes or less. Translate this qualifying time and distance into average speeds expressed in (a) miles per hour and (b) meters per second.

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 55

At a distance of 4.3 light-years, Proxima Centauri is the nearest star to our solar system. What is the distance to Proxima Centauri in kilometers? (The speed of light in space is $2.998 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s} .$ )

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 56

The Porsche Boxster Spyder (on the left in Figure $P 1.56$ ) is powered by a 320 -horsepower gasoline engine. The electric motor in the Tesla Roadster (on the right in Figure $\mathrm{P} 1.56$ ) is rated at 215 kilowatts. Which is the more powerful sports car? (1 horsepower = $745.7 \text { watts. })$
(FIGURE CAN'T COPY)

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 57

The level of water in an Olympic-size swimming pool $(50.0 \mathrm{m} \text { long, } 25.0 \mathrm{m} \text { wide, and about } 2 \mathrm{m}$ deep ) needs to be lowered $3.0 \mathrm{cm} .$ If water is pumped out at a rate of $5.2 \mathrm{L}$ per second, how long will it take to lower the water level $3.0 \mathrm{cm} ?$

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 58

The price of a popular soft drink is $\$ 1.00$ for 24 fluid ounces $(\mathrm{fl} \text { oz })$ or $\$ 0.75$ for $0.50 \mathrm{L}$. Which is a better buy? $(1 \mathrm{qt}=32 \mathrm{floz})$

Ronald Prasad

Numerade Educator

Problem 59

Suppose a runner completes a $10 \mathrm{K}(10.0 \mathrm{km})$ road race in 41 minutes and 23 seconds. What is the runner's average speed in meters per second?

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 60

In 1973 a horse named Secretariat ran the fastest Kentucky Derby in history, taking 1 minute and 59.4 seconds to run 1.25 miles. What was Secretariat's average speed in (a) miles per hour and (b) meters per second?

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 61

What is the mass of a magnesium block that measures $2.5 \mathrm{cm} \times 3.5 \mathrm{cm} \times 1.5 \mathrm{cm} ?$

Evan Schroeder

Numerade Educator

Problem 62

What is the mass of an osmium block that measures $6.5 \mathrm{cm} \times 9.0 \mathrm{cm} \times 3.25 \mathrm{cm} ?$ Do you think you could lift it with one hand?

Jacquelyn Tschudy

Jacquelyn Tschudy

Numerade Educator

Problem 63

A chemist needs $35.0 \mathrm{g}$ of concentrated sulfuric acid for an experiment. The density of concentrated sulfuric acid at room temperature is $1.84 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$. What volume of the acid is required?

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 64

What is the mass of $65.0 \mathrm{mL}$ of ethanol? (Its density at room temperature is $0.789 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL} .$ )

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 65

A brand new silver U.S. dollar weighs 0.934 oz. Express this mass in grams and kilograms. $(1 \mathrm{oz}=28.35 \mathrm{g} .)$

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 66

A U.S. dime weighs $2.5 \mathrm{g} .$ What is the U.S. dollar value of exactly $1 \mathrm{kg}$ of dimes?

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 67

What volume of gold would be equal in mass to a piece of copper with a volume of $125 \mathrm{cm}^{3} ?$

Susan Hallstrom

Susan Hallstrom

Numerade Educator

Problem 68

A small hot-air balloon is filled with $1.00 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{L}$ of air at a temperature at which the density of air is $1.18 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{L}$ As the air in the balloon is heated further, it expands and $9 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{L}$ escapes out the open bottom of the balloon. What is the density of the heated air remaining inside the balloon?

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 69

What is the volume of $1.00 \mathrm{kg}$ of mercury?

Evan Schroeder

Numerade Educator

Problem 70

A student wonders whether a piece of jewelry is made of pure silver. She determines that its mass is $3.17 \mathrm{g} .$ Then she drops it into a 10 -mL graduated cylinder partially filled with water and determines that its volume is $0.3 \mathrm{mL}$. Could the jewelry be made of pure silver?

Jacquelyn Tschudy

Jacquelyn Tschudy

Numerade Educator

Problem 71

The average density of Earth is $5.5 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .$ The mass of Venus is $81.5 \%$ of Earth's mass, and the volume of Venus is $88 \%$ of Earth's volume. What is the density of Venus?

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 72

Earth has a mass of $6.0 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{g}$ and an average density of
$5.5 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$
a. What is the volume of Earth in cubic kilometers?
- b. Geologists sometimes express the "natural" density of Earth after doing a calculation that corrects for gravitational squeezing (compression of the core because of high pressure). Should the natural density be more or less than $5.5 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} ?$

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 73

A plastic material called high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was once evaluated for use in impact-resistant hulls of small utility boats for the U.S. Navy. A cube of this material measures $1.20 \times 10^{-2} \mathrm{m}$ on a side and has a mass of $1.70 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{kg} .$ Seawater at the surface of the ocean has a density of $1.03 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .$ Will this cube float on water?

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 74

The sun is a sphere with an estimated mass of $2 \times 10^{30} \mathrm{kg} .$ If the radius of the sun is $7.0 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{km}$ what is the average density of the sun in units of grams per cubic centimeter? The volume of a sphere is $\frac{4}{3} \pi r^{3}$

Ankur S

Numerade Educator

Problem 75

The Golden Jubilee diamond (Figure P1.75) has a mass of 545.67 carats $(1 \text { carat }=0.200 \mathrm{g}) .$ What is the mass of the diamond in (a) grams and (b) ounces? (1 pound = 16 ounces.)
(FIGURE CAN'T COPY)

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 76

The density of diamond is $3.51 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .$ What is the volume of the Golden Jubilee diamond in Figure $P 1.75 ?$

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 77

Which of the following numbers have just three significant figures? (a) $7.02 ;$ (b) $6.452 ;$ (c) $302 ;$ (d) $6.02 \times 10^{23}$ (c) $12.77 ;$ (f) 3.43

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 78

Which of the following numbers have four significant figures? (a) $0.0592 ;$ (b) $0.08206 ;$ (c) $8.314 ;$ (d) 273.15
(e) $5.091 \times 10^{3} ;$ (f) 9.490

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 79

Perform each of the following calculations and express the answer with the correct number of significant figures:
a. $3.15 \times 2255 / 7.7=$
b. $\left(6.7399 \times 10^{-18}\right) \times\left(1.0135 \times 10^{3}\right) /(52.67+0.144)=$
c. $(4.7+58.69) /\left(6.022 \times 10^{23} \times 6.864\right)=$
d. $(76.2-60.0) /\left[43.53 \times\left(9.988 \times 10^{4}\right)\right]=$

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 80

Perform each of the following calculations, and express the answer with the correct number of significant figures:
a. $[(12 \times 60.0)+55.3] /\left(5.000 \times 10^{3}\right)=$
b. $3.1416 \times(2.031)^{2} \times 3.75 \times 8.00=$
c. The number of cubic centimeters in 389 cubic inches
d. The average (mean) of $8.7,8.5,8.5,8.9,$ and 8.8

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 81

Liquid helium boils at $4.2 \mathrm{K}$. What is the boiling point of helium in degrees Celsius?

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 82

Liquid hydrogen boils at $-253^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .$ What is the boiling point of $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ on the Kelvin scale?

Jacquelyn Tschudy

Jacquelyn Tschudy

Numerade Educator

Problem 83

Ethyl chloride acts as a mild topical anesthetic because it chills the skin when sprayed on it. It dulls the pain of injury and is sometimes used to make removing splinters easier. The boiling point of ethyl chloride is $12.3^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .$ What is its boiling point on the Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales?

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 84

The temperature of the dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) in ice cream vending carts is $-78^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .$ What is this temperature on the Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales?

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 85

The lowest temperature measured on Earth is $-128.6^{\circ} \mathrm{F},$ recorded at Vostok, Antarctica, in July $1983 .$ What is this temperature on the Celsius and Kelvin scales?

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 86

The highest temperature ever recorded in the United States is $134^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ at Greenland Ranch, Death Valley, California, on July $13,1913 .$ What is this temperature on the Celsius and Kelvin scales?

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 87

Critical Temperature The discovery of "high-temperature" superconducting materials in the mid- 1980 s spurred a race to prepare the material with the highest superconducting temperature. The critical temperatures
(T) - the temperatures at which the material becomes superconducting - of $\mathrm{YBa}_{2} \mathrm{Cu}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{7}, \mathrm{Nb}_{3} \mathrm{Ge},$ and
$\mathrm{HgBa}_{2} \mathrm{CaCu}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{6}$ are $93.0 \mathrm{K},-250.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ and $-231.1^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$
respectively. Convert these temperatures into a single temperature scale, and determine which superconductor has the highest $T_{\zeta}$ value.

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 88

The boiling point of $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ is $-183^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ whereas the boiling point of $\mathrm{N}_{2}$ is $77 \mathrm{K}$. As air is cooled, which gas condenses first?

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 89

How many suspect data points can be identified in a data set using Grubbs' test?

Evan Schroeder

Numerade Educator

Problem 90

Which confidence interval is the largest for a given value of
$n: 50 \%, 90 \%,$ or $95 \% ?$

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 91

The concentration of ammonia in an aquarium tank is determined each day for a week. Which of these measures of the variability in the results of these analyses is greater: (a) mean $\pm$ standard deviation, or (b) $95 \%$ confidence interval? Explain your selection.

Evan Schroeder

Numerade Educator

Problem 92

If the results of Grubbs' test indicate that a suspect data point is not an outlier at the $95 \%$ confidence level, could it be one at the $99 \%$ confidence level?

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 93

The widths of copper lines in printed circuit boards must be close to a design value. Three manufacturers were asked to prepare circuit boards with copper lines that are
$0.500 \mu \mathrm{m}$ (micrometers) wide $\left(1 \mu \mathrm{m}=1 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{m}\right) .$ Each
manufacturer's quality control department reported the following line widths on five sample circuit boards (given in micrometers): a. What is the mean and standard deviation of the data provided by each manufacturer?
b. For which of the three sets of data does the $95 \%$ confidence interval include $0.500 \mu \mathrm{m} ?$
c. Which of the data sets fit the description "precise and accurate," and which is "precise but not accurate"?
(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 94

Glucose concentrations in the blood above
$110 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{dL}$ can be an early indication of several medical conditions, including diabetes. Suppose analyses of a series of blood samples from a patient at risk of diabetes produce the following results: $106,99,109,108,$ and
$105 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{dL}$
a. What are the mean and the standard deviation of the data?
b. Patients with blood glucose levels above $120 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{dL}$
are considered diabetic. Is this value within the $95 \%$confidence interval of these data?

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 95

Use Grubbs' test to decide whether the value 3.41 should be considered an outlier in the following data set from the analyses of portions of the same sample conducted by six groups of students: 3.15,3.03,3.09,3.11,3.12 and 3.41

Evan Schroeder

Numerade Educator

Problem 96

Use Grubbs' test to decide whether any one of the values in the following set of replicate measurements should be considered an outlier: $61,75,64,65,64,$ and 66.

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 97

A farmer applies 1.50 metric tons of a fertilizer that contains $10 \%$ nitrogen to his fields each year (1 metric ton $=1000 \mathrm{kg}$ ). Fifteen percent of the fertilizer washes into a stream that runs through the farm. If the stream flows at an average rate of 1.4 cubic meters per minute, what is the additional concentration of nitrogen (expressed in milligrams of nitrogen per liter) in the stream water due to the farmer's yearly application of fertilizer?

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 98

Your laboratory instructor has given you two shiny, light-gray metal cylinders ( $\mathrm{A}$ and $\mathrm{B}$ ). Your assignment is to determine which one is made of aluminum $(d=2.699 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL})$ and which one is made of titanium $(d=4.54 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}) .$ The mass of each cylinder was determined on a balance to five significant figures. The volume of each was determined by immersing it in a partially filled graduated cylinder as shown in Figure $\mathrm{P} 1.98$
a. Calculate the volume of each cylinder using the dimensions of the cylinder only.
b. Calculate the volume from the water displacement method.
c. Which volume measurement allows for the greater number of significant figures in the calculated densities?
d. Express the density of each cylinder to the appropriate number of significant figures.
(FIGURE CAN'T COPY)

Nicole Wood

Numerade Educator

Problem 99

Table salt contains $1.54 \mathrm{g}$ of chlorine (as chloride ions) for every $1.00 \mathrm{g}$ of sodium ions. Which of the following mixtures would react to produce NaCl with no sodium or chlorine left over?
a. $11.0 \mathrm{g}$ of sodium and $17.0 \mathrm{g}$ of chlorine
b. 6.5 g of sodium and $10.0 \mathrm{g}$ of chlorine
c. $6.5 \mathrm{g}$ of sodium and $12.0 \mathrm{g}$ of chlorine
d. $6.5 \mathrm{g}$ of sodium and $8.0 \mathrm{g}$ of chlorine

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 100

The wood of the black ironwood tree (Krugiodendron ferreum, Figure $\mathrm{P} 1.100$ ), which grows in the West Indies and coastal areas of South Florida, is so dense that it sinks in seawater. Does it sink in fresh water, too? Explain your
answer.

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 101

Manufacturers of trail mix have to control the distribution of ingredients in their products. Deviations of more than $2 \%$ from specifications may cause production delays and supply problems. A favorite trail mix is supposed to contain $67 \%$ peanuts and $33 \%$ raisins. Bags of trail mix were sampled from the production line on different days with the following results: On which day(s) did the product meet the specification of $65 \%$ to $69 \%$ peanuts?
(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 102

Gasoline and water are immiscible. Regular-grade
(87 octane) gasoline has a lower density $(0.73 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL})$ than water $(1.00 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}) .$ A $100-\mathrm{mL}$ graduated cylinder with an inside diameter of $3.2 \mathrm{cm}$ contains $34.0 \mathrm{g}$ of gasoline and $34.0 \mathrm{g}$ of water. What is the combined height of the two liquid layers in the cylinder? The volume of a cylinder is $\pi r^{2} b,$ where $r$ is the radius and $b$ is the height.

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 103

In 1999 a drug overdose incident occurred when a prescription that called for a patient to receive 0.5 grain of the powerful sedative phenobarbital each day was misread, and the patient was given 0.5 gram of the drug. Actually, four intravenous injections of 130 mg each were administered each day for 3 days. How many times as much phenobarbital was administered with respect to the prescribed amount? $(1 \text { grain }=64.79891 \mathrm{mg}$.)

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 104

Mercury in Dental Fillings The controversy over human exposure to mercury from dental fillings (Figure P1.104) is linked to concerns that mercury may volatilize from fillings made of a combination of silver and mercury and may then be breathed into the lungs and absorbed into the blood. In 1995 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) set a safe exposure level for mercury vapor in air
of $0.3 \mu \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{m}^{3} .$ Typically, an adult breathes in $0.5 \mathrm{L}$ of air
15 times per minute.
a. What rate of volatilization of mercury (in $\mu \mathrm{g} /$ minute) from dental fillings would create an exposure level of $0.3 \mu \mathrm{g} \mathrm{Hg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}$ in the air entering the lungs of an adult?
b. The safe exposure level to inhaled mercury vapor adopted by Health Canada is only $0.06 \mu \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{m}^{3} .$ What rate of volatilization of mercury (in $\mu \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{minute}$ ) from dental fillings would create this exposure level in air entering the lungs of a child who breathes in $0.35 \mathrm{L}$ of air 18 times per minute?
(FIGURE CAN'T COPY)

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 105

The digital thermometers used in a hospital are evaluated by immersing them in an ice-water bath at $0.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and then in boiling water at $100.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .$ The following results were obtained for three thermometers $(\mathrm{A}, \mathrm{B}, \text { and } \mathrm{C})$ a. Which of the three thermometers, if any, would detect an increase of $0.1^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ in the temperature of a patient?
b. Which of the three thermometers, if any, would accurately give a reading of $36.8^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ (under-the-tongue temperature) for a patient without a fever?

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 106

According to the U.S. government, 4.9 billion barrels of crude oil flowed into the Gulf of Mexico following the explosion that destroyed the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig in April 2010. Express this volume of crude oil in liters and in cubic kilometers.
(1 barrel of oil $=42$ gallons.)

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator

Problem 107

As the New Horizons spacecraft approached Pluto (Figure $\mathrm{P} 1.107$ ) in June 2015 , it was traveling away from the sun at a speed of $14.51 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{s} .$ What was this velocity in miles per hour?
(FIGURE CAN'T COPY)

Linda Winkler

Numerade Educator

Problem 108

Three different analytical techniques were used to determine the quantity of sodium in a Mars Milky Way candy bar. Each technique was used to analyze five portions of the same candy bar, with the following results (expressed in milligrams of sodium per candy bar): The actual quantity of sodium in the candy bar was $115 \mathrm{mg} .$ Which techniques would you describe as precise, which as accurate, and which as both? What is the range of the values (the difference between the highest and lowest measurements) for each technique?
(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

Himanshu Garg

Numerade Educator