Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry

Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell

Chapter 1

Matter, Energy, and Measurement - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Define the following terms:
(a) Matter
(b) Chemistry

John Barone

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Problem 2

The life expectancy of a citizen in the United States is 76 years. Eighty years ago it was 56 years. In your opinion, what was the major contributor to this spectacular increase in life expectancy? Explain your answer.

John Barone

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Problem 3

In a newspaper, you read that Dr. X claimed that he has found a new remedy to cure diabetes. The remedy is an extract of carrots. How would you classify this claim: (a) fact, (b) theory,
(c) hypothesis, or (d) hoax? Explain your choice of answer

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Problem 4

Classify each of the following as a chemical or physical change:
(a) Burning gasoline
(b) Making ice cubes
(c) Boiling oil
(d) Melting lead
(e) Rusting iron
(f) Making ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen
(g) Digesting food

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Problem 5

Write in exponential notation:
(a) 0.351
(b) 602.1
(c) 0.000128
(d) 628122

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Problem 6

Write out in full:
(a) $4.03 \times 10^{5}$
(b) $ 3.2 \times 10^{3}$
(c) $7.13 \times 10^{-5}$
(d) $5.55 \times 10^{-10}$

John Barone

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Problem 7

Multiply:
(a) $\left(2.16 \times 10^{5}\right)\left(3.08 \times 10^{12}\right)$
(b) $\left(1.6 \times 10^{-8}\right)\left(7.2 \times 10^{8}\right)$
(c) $\left(5.87 \times 10^{10}\right)\left(6.6 \times 10^{-27}\right)$
(d) $\left(5.2 \times 10^{-9}\right)\left(6.8 \times 10^{-15}\right)$

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Problem 8

Divide:
(a) $\frac{6.02 \times 10^{23}}{2.87 \times 10^{10}}$
(b) $\frac{3.14}{2.93 \times 10^{-4}}$
(c) $\frac{5.86 \times 10^{-9}}{2.00 \times 10^{3}}$
(d) $\frac{7.8 \times 10^{-12}}{9.3 \times 10^{-14}}$
(e) $\frac{6.83 \times 10^{-12}}{5.02 \times 10^{14}}$

Jennifer Hudspeth

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Problem 9

Add:
(a) $\left(7.9 \times 10^{4}\right)+\left(5.2 \times 10^{4}\right)$
(b) $\left(8.73 \times 10^{4}\right)+\left(6.7 \times 10^{3}\right)$
(c) $\left(3.63 \times 10^{-4}\right)+\left(4.776 \times 10^{-3}\right)$

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Problem 10

Subtract:
(a) $\left(8.50 \times 10^{3}\right)-\left(7.61 \times 10^{2}\right)$
(b) $\left(9.120 \times 10^{-2}\right)-\left(3.12 \times 10^{-3}\right)$
(c) $\left(1.3045 \times 10^{2}\right)-\left(2.3 \times 10^{-1}\right)$

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Problem 11

Solve:
\[
\frac{\left(3.14 \times 10^{3}\right) \times\left(7.80 \times 10^{5}\right)}{\left(5.50 \times 10^{2}\right)}
\]

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Problem 12

Solve:
\[
\frac{\left(9.52 \times 10^{4}\right) \times\left(2.77 \times 10^{-5}\right)}{\left(1.39 \times 10^{7}\right) \times\left(5.83 \times 10^{2}\right)}
\]

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Problem 13

How many significant figures are in the following?
(a) 0.012
(b) 0.10203
(c) 36.042
(d) 8401.0
(e) 32100
(f) 0.0402
(g) 0.000012

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Problem 14

How many significant figures are in the following?
(a) }$ 5.71 \times 10^{13}$
(b) $4.4 \times 10^{5}$
(c) $3 \times 10^{-6}$
(d) $4.000 \times 10^{-11}$
(e) $5.5550 \times 10^{-3}$

Jennifer Hudspeth

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Problem 15

Round off to two significant figures:
(a) 91.621
(b) 7.329
(c) 0.677
(d) 0.003249
(e) 5.88

Jennifer Hudspeth

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Problem 16

Multiply these numbers, using the correct number of significant figures in your answer:
(a) $3630.15 \times 6.8$
(b) $512 \times 0.0081$
(c) $5.79 \times 1.85825 \times 1.4381$

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Problem 17

Divide these numbers, using the correct number of significant figures in your answer:
(a) $\frac{3.185}{2.08}$
(b) $\frac{6.5}{3.0012}$
(c) $\frac{0.0035}{7.348}$

Jennifer Hudspeth

Jennifer Hudspeth

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Problem 18

Add these groups of measured numbers using the correct number of significant figures in your answer:
(a) $37.4083+5.404+10916.3+3.94+0.0006$
(b) $84+8.215+0.01+151.7$
(c) $51.51+100.27+16.878+3.6817$

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Problem 19

In the SI system, the second is the base unit of time. We talk about atomic events that occur in picoseconds $\left(10^{-12} \mathrm{s}\right)$ or even in femtoseconds $\left(10^{-15} \mathrm{s}\right) .$ But we don't talk about megaseconds or kiloseconds; the old standards of minutes, hours, and days prevail. How many minutes and hours are $20 .$ kiloseconds?

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Problem 20

How many grams are in the following?
(a) $1 \mathrm{kg}$
(b) $1 \mathrm{mg}$

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Problem 21

Estimate without actually calculating which one is the shorter distance:
(a) $20 \mathrm{mm}$ or $0.3 \mathrm{m}$
(b) 1 in. or $30 \mathrm{mm}$
(c) $2000 \mathrm{m}$ or $1 \mathrm{mi}$

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Problem 22

For each of these, tell which figure is closest to the correct answer:
(a) A baseball bat has a length of $100 \mathrm{mm}$ or $100 \mathrm{cm}$ or $100 \mathrm{m}$
(b) A glass of milk holds 23 cc or 230 mL or 23 L
(c) A man weighs $75 \mathrm{mg}$ or $75 \mathrm{g}$ or $75 \mathrm{kg}$
(d) A tablespoon contains 15 mL or 150 mL or 1.5 L
(e) A paper clip weighs 50 mg or 50 g or 50 kg
(f) Your hand has a width of $100 \mathrm{mm}$ or $100 \mathrm{cm}$ or $100 \mathrm{m}$
(g) A flash drive weighs 8 mg or 8 g or 8 kg

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Problem 23

You are taken for a helicopter ride in Hawaii from Kona (sea level) to the top of the volcano Mauna Kea. Which property of your body would change during the helicopter ride?
(a) height
(b) weight
(c) volume
(d) mass

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Problem 24

Convert to Celsius and to Kelvin:
(a) $320^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$
(b) $212^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$
(c) $0^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$
$(d)-250^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$

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Problem 25

Convert to Fahrenheit and to Kelvin:
(a) $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$
(b) $40^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$
(c) $250^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$
(d) $-273^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$

John Barone

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Problem 26

Make the following conversions (conversion factors are given in Table 1.3 ):
(a) $42.6 \mathrm{kg}$ to lb
(b) $1.62 \mathrm{lb}$ to $\mathrm{g}$
(c) 34 in. to $\mathrm{cm}$
(d) $37.2 \mathrm{km}$ to mi
(e) 2.73 gal to $\mathrm{L}$
(f) 62 g to oz
$(\mathrm{g}) \quad 33.61 \mathrm{qt}$ to $\mathrm{L}$
(h) $43.7 \mathrm{L}$ to gal
(i) $1.1 \mathrm{mi}$ to $\mathrm{km}$
(j) $34.9 \mathrm{mL}$ to $\mathrm{fl}$ oz

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Problem 27

Make the following metric conversions:
(a) $96.4 \mathrm{mL}$ to $\mathrm{L}$
(b) $275 \mathrm{mm}$ to $\mathrm{cm}$
(c) $45.7 \mathrm{kg}$ to $\mathrm{g}$
(d) $475 \mathrm{cm}$ to $\mathrm{m}$
(e) $21.64 \mathrm{cc}$ to $\mathrm{mL}$
(f) $3.29 \mathrm{L}$ to cc
(g) $0.044 \mathrm{L}$ to $\mathrm{mL}$
(h) 711 g to $\mathrm{kg}$
(i) $63.7 \mathrm{mL}$ to $\mathrm{cc}$
(j) $\quad 0.073 \mathrm{kg}$ to $\mathrm{mg}$
(k) $83.4 \mathrm{m}$ to $\mathrm{mm}$
(1) $361 \mathrm{mg}$ to $\mathrm{g}$

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Problem 28

There are two bottles of cough syrup available on the shelf at the pharmacy. One contains 9.5 oz and the other has $300 .$ cc. Which one has the larger volume?

Jennifer Hudspeth

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Problem 29

A humidifier located at a nursing station holds 4.00 gallons of water. How many fluid ounces of water will completely fill the reservoir?

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Problem 30

You drive in Canada where the distances are marked in kilometers. The sign says you are $80 \mathrm{km}$ from Ottawa. You are traveling at a speed of $75 \mathrm{mi} / \mathrm{h}$. Would you reach Ottawa within one hour, after one hour, or later than that?

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Problem 31

The speed limit in some European cities is $80 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h}$ How many miles per hour is this?

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Problem 32

Your car gets 25.00 miles on a gallon of gas. What would be your car's fuel efficiency in $\mathrm{km} / \mathrm{L} ?$

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Problem 33

Children's Chewable Tylenol contains $80 . \mathrm{mg}$ of acetaminophen per tablet. If the recommended dosage is $10 . \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg}$, how many tablets are needed for a $70 .$ -lb child?

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Problem 34

A patient weighs 186 lbs. She must receive an IV medication based on body weight. The order reads, "Give $2.0 \mathrm{mg}$ per kilogram." The label reads $^{*} 10 .$ mg per cc." How many mL of medication would you give?

Hailey Tomashek

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Problem 35

The doctor orders administration of a drug at $120 . \mathrm{mg}$ per $1000 .$ mL at $400 .$ mL $/ 24$ h. How many mg of drug will the patient receive every 8.0 hours?

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Problem 36

The recommended pediatric dosage of Velosef is $20 .$ mg/kg/day. What is the daily dose in mg for a child weighing 36 pounds? If the stock vial of Velosef is labeled $208 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{mL}$, how many mL would be given in a daily dose?

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Problem 37

A critical care physician prescribes an IV of heparin to be administered at a rate of 1100 units per hour. The IV contains 26,000 units of heparin per liter. Determine the rate of the IV in cc/h.

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Problem 38

If an IV is mixed so that each $150 \mathrm{mL}$ contains $500 .$ mg of the drug lidocaine, how many minutes will it take for $750 \mathrm{mg}$ of lidocaine to be administered if the rate is set at $5 \mathrm{mL} / \mathrm{min} ?$

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Problem 39

A nurse practitioner orders isotonic sodium lactate $50 . \mathrm{mL} / \mathrm{kg}$ body mass to be administered intravenously for a 139 -lb patient with severe acidosis. The rate of flow is 150 gtts/min, and the IV administration set delivers $20 .$ gtts/mL, where the unit "gtts" stands for drops of liquid. What is the running time in minutes?

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Problem 40

An order for a patient reads "Give $40 .$ mg of pantoprazole IV and 5 g of $\mathrm{MgSO}_{4}$ IV." The pantoprazole should be administered at a concentration of $0.4 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{mL}$ and the $\mathrm{MgSO}_{4}$ should be administered at a concentration of $0.02 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$ in separate IV infusion bags. What is the total fluid volume the patient has received from both IV infusions?

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Problem 41

Which states of matter have a definite volume?

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Problem 42

Will most substances be solids, liquids, or gases at low temperatures?

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Problem 43

Does the chemical nature of a substance change when it melts from a solid to a liquid?

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Problem 44

The volume of a rock weighing $1.075 \mathrm{kg}$ is $334.5 \mathrm{mL}$ What is the density of the rock in $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$ ? Express it to three significant figures.

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Problem 45

The density of manganese is $7.21 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$, that of calcium chloride is $2.15 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$, and that of sodium acetate is $1.528 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL} .$ You place these three solids in a liquid, in which they are not soluble. The liquid has a density of $2.15 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL} .$ Which will sink to the bottom, which will stay on the top, and which will float in the middle of the liquid?

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Problem 46

The density of titanium is $4.54 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$. What is the volume, in milliliters, of 163 g of titanium?

Jennifer Hudspeth

Jennifer Hudspeth

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Problem 47

An injection of $4 \mathrm{mg}$ of Valium has been prescribed for a patient suffering from muscle spasms. A sample of Valium labeled $5 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{mL}$ is on hand. How many $\mathrm{mL}$ should be injected?

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Problem 48

The density of methanol at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is $0.791 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$. What is the mass, in grams, of a 280 mL sample?

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Problem 49

The density of dichloromethane, a liquid insoluble in water, is 1.33 g/cc. If dichloromethane and water are placed in a separatory funnel, which will be the upper layer?

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Problem 50

A sample of $10.00 \mathrm{g}$ of oxygen has a volume of $6702 \mathrm{mL}$ The same weight of carbon dioxide occupies $5058 \mathrm{mL}$
(a) What is the density of each gas in $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{L} ?$
(b) Carbon dioxide is used as a fire extinguisher to cut off the fire's supply of oxygen. Do the densities of these two gases explain the fire-extinguishing ability of carbon dioxide?

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Problem 51

Crystals of a material are suspended in the middle of a cup of water at $2^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. This means that the densities of the crystal and of the water are the same. How might you enable the crystals to rise to the surface of the water so that you can harvest them?

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Problem 52

On many country roads, you see telephones powered by a solar panel. What principle is at work in these devices?

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Problem 53

While you drive your car, your battery is being charged. How would you describe this process in terms of kinetic and potential energy?

Hailey Tomashek

Hailey Tomashek

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Problem 54

(Chemical Connections 1A) If the recommended dose of a drug is $445 \mathrm{mg}$ for a 180 -lb man, what would be a suitable dose for a 135 -lb man?

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Problem 55

(Chemical Connections 1A) The average lethal dose of heroin is $1.52 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg}$ of body weight. Estimate how many grams of heroin would be lethal for a 200 -lb man.

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Problem 56

The meter is a measure of length. Tell what each of the following units measures:
(a) $\mathrm{cm}^{3}$
(b) $m L$
(c) kg
(d) $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cc}$
(e) $^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$
(f) $\mathrm{cm} / \mathrm{s}$

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Problem 57

A brain weighing 1.0 lb occupies a volume of 620 mL. What is the specific gravity of the brain?

John Barone

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Problem 58

If the density of air is $1.25 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cc},$ what is the mass in kilograms of the air in a room that is $5.3 \mathrm{m}$ long, $4.2 \mathrm{m}$ wide, and $2.0 \mathrm{m}$ high?

John Barone

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Problem 59

Classify these as kinetic or potential energy:
(a) Water held by a dam
(b) A speeding train
(c) A book on its edge before falling
(d) A falling book
(e) Electric current in a lightbulb

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Problem 60

The kinetic energy possessed by an object with a mass of $1 \mathrm{g}$ moving with a velocity of $1 \mathrm{cm} / \mathrm{s}$ is called 1 erg. What is the kinetic energy, in ergs, of an athlete with a mass of 127 lb running at a velocity of $14.7 \mathrm{mi} / \mathrm{h} ?$

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Problem 61

A European car advertises an efficiency of $22 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{L}$ while an American car claims an economy of 30 mi/gal. Which car is more efficient?

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Problem 62

In Potsdam, New York, you can buy gas for US\$3.93/ gal. In Montreal, Canada, you pay US\$1.22/L. (Currency conversions are outside the scope of this text, so you are not asked to do them here.) Which is the better buy? Is your calculation reasonable?

John Barone

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Problem 63

A nurse practitioner prescribes 2.0 oz of a steroid ointment. How many grams of the ointment must be prepared, assuming there are 16 oz in 1 lb?

Chareen Guzman

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Problem 64

Lactated Ringer's and $5 \%$ dextrose injection (or $\mathrm{D}_{5} \mathrm{LR}$ ) is a sterile solution for fluid replenishment via intravenous administration. A nurse administers $\mathrm{D}_{5} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{R}$ at $75 \mathrm{mL} / \mathrm{h},$ where the drop factor is $10 .$ gtts/mL. Determine the flow rate in gtts/min.

John Barone

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Problem 65

Shivering is the body's response to increase the body temperature. What kind of energy is generated by shivering?

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Problem 66

A veterinarian prescribes doxycycline for a cat, used to treat many different bacterial infections such as Lyme disease. The typical dose administered to cats is $2.5 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{lb}$ every 12 hours. How many total mg of doxycycline will you need for a cat that weighs 14 lb if the medication is to be administered for 7 days?

John Barone

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Problem 67

The normal range for the specific gravity of urine is 1.003 to $1.030 .$ A 5.0 mL sample of urine has a mass of $5.36 \mathrm{g} .$ What is the specific gravity of the urine? Is the urine considered normal? Why or why not?

John Barone

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Problem 68

Methylprednisolone is a steroid that prevents the release of substances in the body that cause inflammation. A physician orders $1.3 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg}$ of body weight to be administered to a child that weighs 51.4 lb. The available stock of methylprednisolone is $15 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{mL}$. How many mL does the child receive?

John Barone

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Problem 69

When the astronauts walked on the Moon, they could make giant leaps in spite of their heavy gear.
(a) Why were their weights on the Moon so small?
(b) Were their masses different on the Moon than on the Earth?

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Problem 70

Which of the following is the largest mass and which is the smallest?
(a) $41 g$
(b) $3 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{mg}$
(c) $8.2 \times 10^{6} \mu \mathrm{g}$
(d) $4.1310 \times 10^{28} \mathrm{kg}$

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Problem 71

Which quantity is bigger in each of the following pairs?
(a) 1 gigaton : $10 .$ megaton
(b) $10 .$ micrometer : 1 millimeter
(c) $10 .$ centigram : $200 .$ milligram

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Problem 72

In Japan, high-speed "bullet trains" move with an average speed of $220 . \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h}$. If Dallas and Los Angeles were connected by such a train, how long would it take to travel nonstop between these cities (a distance of 1490. miles)?

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Problem 73

One quart of milk costs 80 cents and one liter costs 86 cents. Which is the better buy?

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Problem 74

Consider butter, density $0.860 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$, and sand, density $2.28 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$
(a) If $1.00 \mathrm{mL}$ of butter is thoroughly mixed with $1.00 \mathrm{mL}$ of sand, what is the density of the mixture?
(b) What would be the density of the mixture if 1.00 g of the same butter were mixed with $1.00 \mathrm{g}$ of the same sand?

John Barone

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Problem 75

Which speed is the fastest?
(a) $70 \mathrm{mi} / \mathrm{h}$
(b) $140 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h}$
(c) $4.5 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{s}$
(d) $48 \mathrm{mi} / \mathrm{min}$

John Barone

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Problem 76

You receive an order for $60 .$ mg of meperidine (Demerol) for your postsurgical patient. The injection syringe is prepackaged with $75 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{mL}$. How many $\mathrm{mL}$ will you administer?

John Barone

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Problem 77

In photosynthesis, light energy from the sun is used to produce sugars. How does this process represent a conversion of energy from one form to another?

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Problem 78

What is the difference between aspirin tablets that con$\operatorname{tain} 81 \mathrm{mg}$ of aspirin and tablets that contain $325 \mathrm{mg} ?$

John Barone

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Problem 79

In Canada, a sign indicates that the current temperature is $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Are you most likely to be wearing a down parka and wool slacks, jeans and a long-sleeved shirt, or shorts and a T-shirt? What is the reason for your answer?

John Barone

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Problem 80

A scientist claims to have found a treatment for ear infections in children. All the patients given this treatment showed improvement within three days. What comments do you have on this report?

John Barone

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Problem 81

You have samples of urea (a solid at room temperature and pure ethanol (a liquid at room temperature). Which technique or techniques would you use to measure the amount of each substance?

John Barone

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Problem 82

You have a sample of material used in folk medicine. Suggest the approach you would use to determine whether this material contains an effective substance for treating disease. If you do find a new and effective substance, can you think of a way to determine the amount present in your sample? (Pharmaceutical companies have used this approach to produce many common medications.)

John Barone

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Problem 83

Many substances that are involved in chemical reactions in the human body (and in all organisms) contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen arranged in specific patterns. Would you expect new medications to have features in common with these substances, or would you expect them to be drastically different? What are the reasons for your answer?

John Barone

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Problem 84

A patient is to receive 1 liter of IV fluid over 12 hours. The drop factor for the tubing is 15 gtts/mL. What should the flow rate be in gtts/min?

John Barone

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Problem 85

In the hospital, your doctor orders $100 .$ mg of medication per hour. The label on the IV bag reads $5.0 \mathrm{g} / 1000 . \mathrm{mL}$
(a) How many mL should infuse each hour?
(b) The IV administration set delivers 15 gtts/mL, where the unit gtts denotes drops of liquid as explained in Problem $39 .$ The current drip rate is set to $10 .$ gtts/min. Is this correct? If not, what is the correct drip rate?

John Barone

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Problem 86

A febrile, pediatric patient weighs 42 pounds. You need to administer acetaminophen (Tylenol) $15 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg}$
(a) How many mg will you administer?
(b) The acetaminophen (Tylenol) packages come in liquid form $160 \mathrm{mg} / 5.0 \mathrm{mL} .$ How many mL will you administer to your 42 -pound patient?

John Barone

Numerade Educator