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Microbiology

Nina Parker, Mark Schneegurt, Anh-Hue Thi Tu

Chapter 9

Microbial Growth - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

01:24

Problem 1

Which of the following methods would be used to measure the concentration of bacterial contamination in processed peanut butter?
a. turbidity measurement
b. total plate count
c. dry weight measurement
d. direct counting of bacteria on a calibrated slide under the microscope

Hailey Tomashek
Hailey Tomashek
Numerade Educator
03:48

Problem 2

In which phase would you expect to observe the most endospores in a Bacillus cell culture?
a. death phase
b. lag phase
c. log phase
d. log, lag, and death phases would all have roughly the same number of endospores

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
03:04

Problem 3

During which phase would penicillin, an antibiotic that inhibits cell-wall synthesis, be most effective?
a. death phase
b. lag phase
c. log phase
d. stationary phase

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
03:36

Problem 4

Which of the following is the best definition of generation time in a bacterium?
a. the length of time it takes to reach the log phase
b. the length of time it takes for a population of cells to double
c. the time it takes to reach stationary phase
d. the length of time of the exponential phase

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:06

Problem 5

What is the function of the Z ring in binary fission?
a. It controls the replication of DNA.
b. It forms a contractile ring at the septum.
c. It separates the newly synthesized DNA molecules.
d. It mediates the addition of new peptidoglycan subunits.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
01:36

Problem 6

If a culture starts with 50 cells, how many cells will be present after five generations with no cell death?
a. 200
b. 400
c. 1600
d. 3200

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
04:02

Problem 7

Filamentous cyanobacteria often divide by which of the following?
a. budding
b. mitosis
c. fragmentation
d. formation of endospores

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:59

Problem 8

Which is a reason for antimicrobial resistance being higher in a biofilm than in free-floating bacterial cells?
a. The EPS allows faster diffusion of chemicals in the biofilm.
b. Cells are more metabolically active at the base of a biofilm.
c. Cells are metabolically inactive at the base of a biofilm.
d. The structure of a biofilm favors the survival of antibiotic resistant cells.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:39

Problem 9

Quorum sensing is used by bacterial cells to determine which of the following?
a. the size of the population
b. the availability of nutrients
c. the speed of water flow
d. the density of the population

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
03:05

Problem 10

Which of the following statements about autoinducers is incorrect?
a. They bind directly to DNA to activate transcription.
b. They can activate the cell that secreted them.
c. N-acylated homoserine lactones are autoinducers in gram-negative cells.
d. Autoinducers may stimulate the production of virulence factors.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
03:37

Problem 11

An inoculated thioglycolate medium culture tube shows dense growth at the surface and turbidity throughout the rest of the tube. What is your conclusion?
a. The organisms die in the presence of oxygen
b. The organisms are facultative anaerobes.
c. The organisms should be grown in an anaerobic chamber.
d. The organisms are obligate aerobes.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
03:24

Problem 12

An inoculated thioglycolate medium culture tube is clear throughout the tube except for dense growth at the bottom of the tube. What is your conclusion?
a. The organisms are obligate anaerobes.
b. The organisms are facultative anaerobes.
c. The organisms are aerotolerant.
d. The organisms are obligate aerobes.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:12

Problem 13

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen that infects the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis. It does not grow in the absence of oxygen. The bacterium is probably which of the following?
a. an aerotolerant anaerobe
b. an obligate aerobe
c. an obligate anaerobe
d. a facultative anaerobe

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
01:13

Problem 14

Streptococcus mutans is a major cause of cavities. It resides in the gum pockets, does not have catalase activity, and can be grown outside of an anaerobic chamber. The bacterium is probably which of the following?
a. a facultative anaerobe
b. an obligate aerobe
c. an obligate anaerobe
d. an aerotolerant anaerobe

Christina Sorrentino
Christina Sorrentino
Numerade Educator
01:53

Problem 15

Why do the instructions for the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae recommend a $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ -enriched atmosphere?
a. It uses $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ as a final electron acceptor in respiration.
b. It is an obligate anaerobe.
c. It is a capnophile.
d. It fixes $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ through photosynthesis.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:20

Problem 16

Bacteria that grow in mine drainage at $\mathrm{pH} 1-2$ are probably which of the following?
a. alkaliphiles
b. acidophiles
c. neutrophiles
d. obligate anaerobes

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:56

Problem 17

Bacteria isolated from Lake Natron, where the water $\mathrm{pH}$ is close to $10,$ are which of the following?
a. alkaliphiles
b. facultative anaerobes
c. neutrophiles
d. obligate anaerobes

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
00:58

Problem 18

In which environment are you most likely to encounter an acidophile?
a. human blood at $\mathrm{pH} 7.2$
b. a hot vent at pH 1.5
c. human intestine at $\mathrm{pH} 8.5$
d. milk at pH 6.5

Abhishek Kumar
Abhishek Kumar
Numerade Educator
04:12

Problem 19

A soup container was forgotten in the refrigerator and shows contamination. The contaminants are probably which of the following?
a. thermophiles
b. acidophiles
c. mesophiles
d. psychrotrophs

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:53

Problem 20

Bacteria isolated from a hot tub at $39^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ are probably which of the following?
a. thermophiles
b. psychrotrophs
c. mesophiles
d. hyperthermophiles

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:56

Problem 21

In which environment are you most likely to encounter a hyperthermophile?
a. hot tub
b. warm ocean water in Florida
c. hydrothermal vent at the bottom of the ocean
d. human body

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
01:44

Problem 22

Which of the following environments would harbor psychrophiles?
a. mountain lake with a water temperature of $12^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$
b. contaminated plates left in a $35^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ incubator
c. yogurt cultured at room temperature
d. salt pond in the desert with a daytime temperature of $34^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
01:38

Problem 23

Which of the following is the reason jams and dried meats often do not require refrigeration to prevent spoilage?
a. low pH
b. toxic alkaline chemicals
c. naturally occurring antibiotics
d. low water activity

Mathew Botros
Mathew Botros
Montclair State University
03:10

Problem 24

Bacteria living in salt marshes are most likely which of the following?
a. acidophiles
b. barophiles
c. halotolerant
d. thermophiles

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
04:43

Problem 25

EMB agar is a medium used in the identification and isolation of pathogenic bacteria. It contains digested meat proteins as a source of organic nutrients. Two indicator dyes, eosin and methylene blue, inhibit the growth of gram-positive bacteria and distinguish between lactose fermenting and nonlactose fermenting organisms. Lactose fermenters form metallic green or deep purple colonies, whereas the nonlactose fermenters form completely colorless colonies. EMB agar is an example of which of the following?
a. a selective medium only
b. a differential medium only
c. a selective medium and a chemically defined medium
d. a selective medium, a differential medium, and a complex medium

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
01:42

Problem 26

Haemophilus influenzae must be grown on chocolate agar, which is blood agar treated with heat to release growth factors in the medium. H. influenzae is described as ________.
a. an acidophile
b. a thermophile
c. an obligate anaerobe
d. fastidious

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
04:38

Problem 27

Match the definition with the name of the growth phase in the growth curve.
___Number of dying cells is higher than the number of cells dividing
___Number of new cells equal to number of dying cells
___New enzymes to use available nutrients are induced
___Binary fission is occurring at maximum rate
A. Lag phase
B. Log phase
C. Stationary phase
D. Death phase

Caroline Jones
Caroline Jones
Numerade Educator
04:07

Problem 28

Four tubes are illustrated with cultures grown in a medium that slows oxygen diffusion. Match the culture tube with the correct type of bacteria from the following list: facultative anaerobe, obligate anaerobe, microaerophile, aerotolerant anaerobe, obligate aerobe.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
05:49

Problem 29

Match the type of bacterium with its environment. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Put the appropriate letter beside the environment.
___psychotroph
___mesophile
___hyperthermophile
___psychrophile
A. food spoiling in refrigerator
B. hydrothermal vent
C. deep ocean waters
D. human pathogen
E. garden compost

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:54

Problem 30

Fill in the Blank.
Direct count of total cells can be performed using a ________ or a ________.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:38

Problem 31

Fill in the Blank.
The ________ method allows direct count of total cells growing on solid medium.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:12

Problem 32

Fill in the Blank.
A statistical estimate of the number of live cells in a liquid is usually done by ________.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:01

Problem 33

Fill in the Blank.
For this indirect method of estimating the growth of a culture, you measure ________ using a spectrophotometer.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
01:21

Problem 34

Fill in the Blank.
Active growth of a culture may be estimated indirectly by measuring the following products of cell metabolism: ________ or ________.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:06

Problem 35

Fill in the Blank.
A bacterium that thrives in a soda lake where the average pH is 10.5 can be classified as a(n) ________.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
01:54

Problem 36

Fill in the Blank.
Lactobacillus acidophilus grows best at pH 4.5. It is considered a(n) ________.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:11

Problem 37

Fill in the Blank.
A bacterium that thrives in the Great Salt Lake but not in fresh water is probably a ________.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
01:59

Problem 38

Fill in the Blank.
Bacteria isolated from the bottom of the ocean need high atmospheric pressures to survive. They are ________.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
01:37

Problem 39

Fill in the Blank.
Staphylococcus aureus can be grown on multipurpose growth medium or on mannitol salt agar that contains 7.5\% NaCl. The bacterium is ________.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
03:08

Problem 40

Fill in the Blank.
Blood agar contains many unspecified nutrients, supports the growth of a large number of bacteria, and allows differentiation of bacteria according to hemolysis (breakdown of blood). The medium is ________ and ________.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:37

Problem 41

Fill in the Blank.
Rogosa agar contains yeast extract. The pH is adjusted to 5.2 and discourages the growth of many microorganisms; however, all the colonies look similar. The medium is ________ and ________.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
03:08

Problem 42

Why is it important to measure the transmission of light through a control tube with only broth in it when making turbidity measures of bacterial cultures?

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:31

Problem 43

In terms of counting cells, what does a plating method accomplish that an electronic cell counting method does not?

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
03:16

Problem 44

Order the following stages of the development of a biofilm from the earliest to the last step.
a. secretion of EPS
b. reversible attachment
c. dispersal
d. formation of water channels
e. irreversible attachment

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
05:27

Problem 45

Infections among hospitalized patients are often related to the presence of a medical device in the patient. Which conditions favor the formation of biofilms on in-dwelling catheters and prostheses?

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:05

Problem 46

Why are some obligate anaerobes able to grow in tissues (e.g., gum pockets) that are not completely free of oxygen?

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:01

Problem 47

Why should Haemophilus influenzae be grown in a candle jar?

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
01:21

Problem 48

In terms of oxygen requirements, what type of organism would most likely be responsible for a foodborne illness associated with canned foods?

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:56

Problem 49

Which macromolecule in the cell is most sensitive to changes in pH?

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:29

Problem 50

Which metabolic process in the bacterial cell is particularly challenging at high pH?

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
03:08

Problem 51

How are hyperthermophile’s proteins adapted to the high temperatures of their environment?

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
01:37

Problem 52

Why would NASA be funding microbiology research in Antarctica?

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
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Problem 53

Fish sauce is a salty condiment produced using fermentation. What type of organism is likely responsible for the fermentation of the fish sauce?

Katherine Kartheiser
Katherine Kartheiser
Numerade Educator
02:11

Problem 54

What is the major difference between an enrichment culture and a selective culture?

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:43

Problem 55

A patient in the hospital has an intravenous catheter inserted to allow for the delivery of medications, fluids, and electrolytes. Four days after the catheter is inserted, the patient develops a fever and an infection in the skin around the catheter. Blood cultures reveal that the patient has a blood-borne infection. Tests in the clinical laboratory identify the blood-borne pathogen as Staphylococcus epidermidis, and antibiotic susceptibility tests are performed to provide doctors with essential information for selecting the best drug for treatment of the infection. Antibacterial chemotherapy is initiated and delivered through the intravenous catheter that was originally inserted into the patient. Within 7 days, the skin infection is gone, blood cultures are negative for $S$. epidermidis, and the antibacterial chemotherapy is discontinued. However, 2 days after discontinuing the antibacterial chemotherapy, the patient develops another fever and skin infection and the blood cultures are positive for the same strain of $S$. epidermidis that had been isolated the previous week. This time, doctors remove the intravenous catheter and administer oral antibiotics, which successfully treat both the skin and blood-borne infection caused by $S$. epidermidis. Furthermore, the infection does not return after discontinuing the oral antibacterial chemotherapy. What are some possible reasons why intravenous chemotherapy failed to completely cure the patient despite laboratory tests showing the bacterial strain was susceptible to the prescribed antibiotic? Why might the second round of antibiotic therapy have been more successful? Justify your answers.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:24

Problem 56

Why are autoinducers small molecules?

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
03:08

Problem 57

Refer to Figure B1 in Appendix B. If the results from a pond water sample were recorded as 3, 2, 1, what would be the MPN of bacteria in 100 mL of pond water?

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
05:04

Problem 58

Refer to Figure 9.15. Why does turbidity lose reliability at high cell concentrations when the culture reaches the stationary phase?

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:40

Problem 59

A microbiology instructor prepares cultures for a gram-staining practical laboratory by inoculating growth medium with a gram-positive coccus (nonmotile) and a gram-negative rod (motile). The goal is to demonstrate staining of a mixed culture. The flask is incubated at $35^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ for 24 hours without aeration. A sample is stained and reveals only gram-negative rods. Both cultures are known facultative anaerobes. Give a likely reason for success of the gram-negative rod. Assume that the cultures have comparable intrinsic growth rates.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:20

Problem 60

People who use proton pumps inhibitors or antacids are more prone to infections of the gastrointestinal tract. Can you explain the observation in light of what you have learned?

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:35

Problem 61

The bacterium that causes Hansen's disease (leprosy), Mycobacterium leprae, infects mostly the extremities of the body: hands, feet, and nose. Can you make an educated guess as to its optimum temperature of growth?

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:15

Problem 62

Refer to Figure $9.29 .$ Some hyperthermophiles can survive autoclaving temperatures. Are they a concern in health care?

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
02:34

Problem 63

Haemophilus, influenzae grows best at $35-37^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with $\sim 5 \% \mathrm{CO}_{2}$ (or in a candle-jar) and requires hemin (X factor) and nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide (NAD, also known as V factor) for growth.[2] Using the vocabulary learned in this chapter, describe $H$. influenzae.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator