Chapter Questions
What is the principal component of dietary fiber?
What is the primary difference between a macronutrient and a micronutrient?
Explain the importance of sufficient fiber in the diet.
List two general functions in the body for each of the macronutrients.
For each of the following macronutrients, list a single food item that would be a good source:a. carbohydrate (simple)b. carbohydrate (complex)c. lipidd. protein
List the types of macronutrients found in each of the following food items. List the nutrients in approximate decreasing order of abundance (most abundant first, etc.).a. Potato chipsb. Buttered toastc. Plain toast with jamd. Cheese sandwiche. A lean steakf. A fried egg
What makes a fatty acid essential? What are the essential fatty acids?
Use Figure 12.2 and list the Daily Values (DV) for fat, saturated fat, total carbohydrate, and fiber based on a 2000-Calorie diet.
Use the Daily Values (DV) and the Calories per gram conversions given in Figure 12.2 to calculate the number of Calories in a 2000-Caloric diet that should be from fat, saturated fat, and total carbohydrate.
Identify each of the following vitamins as watersoluble or fat-soluble.a. tocopherolc. folic acidb. niacind. retinol
What general function is served by eight of the watersoluble vitamins?
Why is there more concern about large doses of fatsoluble vitamins than of water-soluble vitamins?
What fat-soluble vitamin or deficiency is associated with the following?a. Night blindnessb. Blood clottingc. Calcium and phosphorus use in forming bones and teethd. Preventing oxidation of fatty acids
What water-soluble vitamin deficiency is associated with the following?a. Scurvyb. Beriberic. Pernicious anemiad. Pellagra
What is the difference between a vitamin and a mineral?
List at least one specific function for each major mineral of the body.
What determines whether a mineral is classified as a major or trace mineral?
What are the general functions of trace minerals in the body?
How can the ingestion of a small lump of elemental sodium metal be toxic when sodium is a required major mineral?
What element serves as a fuel for the fusion process occurring on the sun?
What is the source of energy for life on Earth?
Write a net equation for the photosynthetic process.
Explain how Earth's supply of carbon compounds may be recycled by the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.
Describe in general terms the steps in the flow of energy from the sun to molecules of ATP.
What is a metabolic pathway?
Classify catabolism and anabolism as synthetic or breakdown processes.
Outline the three stages in the extraction of energy from food.
Which stage of energy production is concerned primarily with the following?a. Formation of ATPb. Digestion of fuel moleculesc. Consumption of $\mathrm{O}_2$d. Generation of acetyl CoA
Explain why Stage III of energy production is referred to as the common catabolic pathway.
In terms of energy production, what is the main purpose of the catabolic pathway?
Would the digestion of protein to amino acids that are then used to build muscle in the body be considered a catabolic pathway? Why or why not?
Is ATP involved in anabolic processes or catabolic processes?
What do the symbols ATP, ADP, and AMP represent?
Explain why ATP is referred to as the primary energy carrier.
Using the partial structure shown below, write the structure of ATP, ADP, and AMP:FIGURE CAN'T COPY.
What do the symbols $\mathrm{P}_i$ and $\mathrm{PP}_i$ represent?
Using symbolic formulas such as ADP and $\mathrm{PP}_1$, write equations for the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and the hydrolysis of ATP to AMP.
Using Table 12.5, explain why phosphoenolpyruvate is called a high-energy compound but glycerol 3-phosphate is not.
What does the symbol $\Delta G^{\circ \prime}$ represent? How does the sign for $\Delta G^{\circ r}$ indicate whether a reaction is exergonic or endergonic?
Which portion of the ATP molecule is particularly responsible for its being described as a high-energy compound?
Why is it more accurate to refer to ATP as a carrier or donor of free energy rather than as a storage form of free energy?
What is the role of mitochondria in the use of energy by living organisms?
Describe the importance and function of the ATP-ADP cycle.
Describe the structure of a mitochondrion and identify the location of enzymes important in energy production.
What coenzymes are produced by the body from the following vitamins?a. riboflavinb. pantothenic acidc. nicotinamide
What roles do the following coenzymes serve in the catabolic oxidation of foods?a. coenzyme Ab. FADc. $\mathrm{NAD}^{+}$
Write the abbreviations for the oxidized and reduced forms ofa. flavin adenine dinucleotideb. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Which compound is oxidized in the following reaction? Which compound is reduced?$\begin{aligned}{ }^{-} \mathrm{OOC}-\mathrm{CH}_2 & -\mathrm{CH}_2-\mathrm{COO}^{-}+\mathrm{FAD} \longrightarrow \\ & { }^{-} \mathrm{OOC}-\mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}-\mathrm{COO}^{-}+\mathrm{FADH}_2\end{aligned}$
Which compound is oxidized in the following reaction? Which compound is reduced?FIGURE CAN'T COPY.
Write balanced reactions for the following oxidations using $\mathrm{NAD}^{+}$or FAD:a. $\mathrm{HO}-\mathrm{CH}_2-\mathrm{COOH} \rightarrow \mathrm{O}=\mathrm{CH}-\mathrm{COOH}$b. $\mathrm{HO}-\mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{CH}_2-\mathrm{OH} \rightarrow \mathrm{HO}-\mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}-\mathrm{OH}$
Write balanced reactions for the following oxidations using NAD ${ }^{+}$:FIGURE CAN'T COPY.
Draw abbreviated structural formulas to show the reactive portion of FAD and the reduced compound $\mathrm{FADH}_2$.
Based on the solubility characteristics of vitamin $B_1$, would you expect to find it in the interior of an enzyme or on the exterior surface of the enzyme when it acts as a coenzyme?
Balance the following equation. How many electrons will be transferred to NADH?$$\mathrm{CH}_4+\mathrm{O}_2+\ldots \mathrm{NAD}^{+} \rightarrow \mathrm{CO}_2+\ldots \quad \mathrm{NADH}+\ldots \mathrm{H}^{+}$$
Draw an energy diagram that depicts the two hydrolysis reactions of ATP below.$$\mathrm{ATP} \rightarrow \mathrm{ADP}+\mathrm{P}_i \rightarrow \mathrm{AMP}+2 \mathrm{P}_i$$
What would be the main process in the human body that would be interrupted by a deficiency of an essential amino acid? What specific part of that process would be affected?
Average 18 year olds should get 1300 mg of calcium in their diet daily. Use Figure 12.8 and calculate the percentage that this daily intake is of the total amount of calcium found in a $60-\mathrm{kg}$ person represents.
Identify which vitamin(s) is indicated by the following:a. The fat-soluble vitaminsb. Thiaminc. Vitamin that helps prevent ricketsd. Vitamin that helps clot bloodc. Vitamin useful in combating pernicious anemia
Answer the following:a. Which mineral is the most abundant in the human body?b. Which mineral is necessary for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland?c. Which mineral is necessary for the proper formation of hemoglobin?d. What is the difference between a vitamin and a mineral?
Which of the following are not a requirement for photosynthesis?a. oxygenb. carbon dioxidec. sunlightd. chlorophyll
With which organelle is the synthesis of ATP associated?
Use Figure 12.2 to determine which macronutrient would produce the greatest amount of energy from 1 gram of the macronutrient.
Outline the three stages in the extraction of energy from food. What type of chemical reaction occurs most often during digestion?
At one time a system of MDR (minimum daily requirement) values for nutrients was used. Why do you think Daily Values (DV) might be more informative and useful than MDRs?
Briefly explain why you think it would be undesirable or beneficial (decide which position to defend in each case) to follow a diet that is (a) extremely low in carbohydrates, (b) extremely low in lipids, or (c) extremely low in proteins.
Doughnuts, even those without frosting, are high in triglycerides. Explain.
One of the oils listed in Figure 12.6 is palm oil, which foe several years was used in fast-food restaurants to fry potatoes. Why was this use considered an unhealthy practice?
In Figure 12.7, it is observed that vegetables are a source of protein. We most often think of meats, grains, and dairy products as sources of protein, but not vegetables. Use Table 9.4 to list the types of protein that might be found in vegetables.
Vitamin tablets and oranges are both plentiful sources of vitamin C. Why might an orange be better for you than taking a vitamin $C$ tablet?
A cold cereal manufactured from corn is deficient in the amino acid lysine. What other foods in a breakfast meal might supply lysine?
The body has a storage capacity for excess carbohydrates and fats but not for excess proteins. What consequences does this fact have for a daily diet?
Which macronutrient is a major source of dietary sulfur?