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Chemistry Principles and Practice

Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball

Chapter 22

Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

01:37

Problem 1

Explain the differences between organic chemistry and biochemistry.

Adriano Chikande
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01:30

Problem 2

Explain what is special about the element carbon that causes it to have such an extensive chemistry.

Adriano Chikande
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01:25

Problem 3

Why are alkanes also called saturated bydrocarbons? What is the hybridization of the carbon atoms in alkanes?

Adriano Chikande
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01:28

Problem 4

Draw the boat and chair configurations of 1,1,3,3 -tetramethylcyclohexane. Which is more stable? Why?

Adriano Chikande
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01:10

Problem 5

What are the hybridized orbitals on the carbon atoms that form the $\sigma$ bonds in ethylene and acetylene?

Adriano Chikande
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02:40

Problem 6

Explain why cis and trans isomers exist for 1,2 -dibromoethene but not for 1,1 -dibromoethene.

Adriano Chikande
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02:29

Problem 7

Both carboxylic acids and alcohols contain the -OH functional group, but only one of them is acidic in water. Which one is acidic? Why?

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02:08

Problem 8

Explain why ethyl alcohol has a higher boiling point than methyl ethyl ether even though the latter has the greater molecular weight.

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01:33

Problem 9

Explain what is meant by cross-linking a polymer. How does cross-linking affect the properties of the polymer?

Adriano Chikande
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01:52

Problem 10

Describe the four levels of structure of a protein.

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02:24

Problem 11

Describe the bonding in an $\alpha$ -helix and in a $\beta$ -pleated sheet. To what type of structure within the protein do these arrangements refer?

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01:12

Problem 12

Describe the difference between cellulose and starch. How are they treated differently by the human digestive system?

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02:34

Problem 13

Discuss the functions of DNA and RNA.

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01:40

Problem 14

Describe the three components of a nucleotide. Be specific about the components used in DNA and those in RNA.

Adriano Chikande
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02:35

Problem 15

Describe the Watson and Crick model of DNA. How does this model account for the experimental fact that the $\mathrm{A} / \mathrm{T}$ and $\mathrm{G} / \mathrm{C}$ ratios are $1 ?$

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01:35

Problem 16

Describe how both DNA and RNA are used in the synthesis of a specific protein.

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01:42

Problem 17

Which of the following molecules are noncyclic alkanes?
(a) $\mathrm{C}_{8} \mathrm{H}_{16}$
(b) $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{14}$
(c) $\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{9} \mathrm{~F}$
(d) $\mathrm{C}_{9} \mathrm{H}_{20}$

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01:44

Problem 18

Which of the following molecules are noncyclic alkanes?
(a) $\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{12}$
(b) $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12}$
(c) $\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{6}$
(d) $\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{9} \mathrm{Cl}$

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01:05

Problem 19

Write the molecular formula of a noncyclic alkane that contains eight carbon atoms.

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01:10

Problem 20

Write the molecular formula of a noncyclic alkane that contains 12 carbon atoms.

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01:29

Problem 21

Show a structural formula for the straight-chain isomer of $\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{12}$. Name the alkyl group formed by the removal of hydrogen atom from one of the terminal carbon atoms.

Adriano Chikande
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01:07

Problem 22

Show the structural formula for $\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{8}$. Name the alkyl group formed by the removal of a hydrogen atom from the center carbon atom.

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06:20

Problem 23

Draw the structural formulas for the isomers of hexane, and name each isomer.

Jennifer Hudspeth
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02:03

Problem 24

Draw structural formulas for possible isomers of the dichlorinated propane, $\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{6} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}$. Name each compound.

Mak Smith
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03:01

Problem 25

Write the structural formula for each of the following alkanes
(a) 2 -methylhexane
(b) 3,3 -dichloroheptane
(c) 2 -methyl-3-phenyloctane
(d) 1,1 -diethylcyclohexane

Adriano Chikande
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02:28

Problem 26

Write the structural formula for each of the following alkanes.
(a) 1-bromobutane
(b) 2 -methyl-3-nitropentane
(c) 2,2 -dimethylhexane
(d) 1 -chloro-1-methylcyclopentane

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02:47

Problem 27

Name the following compounds.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

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03:04

Problem 28

Name the following compounds.(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

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01:03

Problem 29

Write the general formulas for a noncyclic alkene and a noncyclic alkyne.

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01:23

Problem 30

Show an example of an alkene that can exist as both cis and trans isomers and another that cannot.

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03:33

Problem 31

Name the following unsaturated compounds.

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03:05

Problem 32

Name the following unsaturated compounds.

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01:28

Problem 33

Which compound exists as cis and trans isomers?

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01:17

Problem 34

Which compound exists as cis and trans isomers?

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01:30

Problem 35

Draw all possible isomers for the substituted alkene $\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{~F}$

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01:31

Problem 36

Draw the structure, and give the systematic name for the products of the following reactions:
(a) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}_{2}+\mathrm{Br}_{2} \rightarrow$
(b) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CHCH}_{3}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \rightarrow$

Mak Smith
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04:27

Problem 37

Write the structural formula for each of the following unsaturated compounds.
(a) 2 -bromo-1-hexene
(b) $c i s-4$ -nitro- 2 -pentene
(c) 1,2 -dichloro-3-hexyne
(d) 1,1 -difluoro-3-chloro-1-heptene

Adriano Chikande
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01:56

Problem 38

Write the structural formula for each of the following unsaturated compounds.
(a) 2,3 -dimethyl-1-pentene
(b) 1 -methylcyclohexene
(c) $c i s-1-$ chloro- 2 -butene
(d) 4 -methvl-1-hexene

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01:20

Problem 39

Write the structural formula of propyne, and name the product of its reaction with two molecules of $\mathrm{Cl}_{2}$.

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01:52

Problem 40

Write the structural formula of 2 -hexene, and name the product of its reaction with $\mathrm{Br}_{2}$.

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01:24

Problem 41

Complete the following equations.

Ramesh Singh
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02:44

Problem 42

Which of the following compounds can exist as cis and trans isomers? Draw and label them.
(a) 2,3 -dimethyl-2-butene
(b) 2 -chloro- 2 -butene
(c) dichlorobenzene

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01:02

Problem 43

Draw the three isomers of dimethylbenzene.

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01:02

Problem 44

Draw all the isomers of trichlorobenzene.

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03:21

Problem 45

Identify the class of organic compounds (ester, ether, ketone, etc.) to which each of the following belongs

Nicholas Sacco
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03:21

Problem 46

Identify the class of organic compounds (ester, ether, ketone, etc.) to which each of the following belongs.

Nicholas Sacco
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02:53

Problem 47

State which compound in each of the following pairs you expect to have the higher boiling point. Explain your answer.

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02:56

Problem 48

State which compound in each of the following pairs you expect to have the higher boiling point. Explain your answer.

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01:35

Problem 49

Write the structural formula and name the organic product expected from the acid-catalyzed condensation reaction of $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}$.

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01:11

Problem 50

Write the structural formula and name the organic product expected from the mild air oxidation of $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}$.

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01:08

Problem 51

Write the structural formula and name the organic product expected from the acid-catalyzed condensation reaction of $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CO}_{2} \mathrm{H}$ and $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}$.

Adriano Chikande
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04:30

Problem 52

Aldehydes and carboxylic acids are formed by oxidation of primary alcohols, and ketones are formed when secondary alcohols are oxidized. Give the name and formula for the alcohol that, when oxidized, gives the following products.
(a) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CHO}$
(b) 2 -hexanone

Sydney Atkins
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02:46

Problem 53

Draw the structure of each of the following molecules.
(a) 1 -butanol
(b) 3 -methyl-2-pentanone
(c) methyl acetate
(d) ethylphenylamine

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01:53

Problem 54

Draw the structure of each of the following molecules.
(a) ethyl vinyl ether
(b) 2 -bromopropanal
(c) pentanoic acid
(d) 3 -fluorophenol

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03:09

Problem 55

Name the following compounds.

Nicholas Sacco
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03:09

Problem 56

Name the following compounds.

Nicholas Sacco
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01:20

Problem 57

Indicate which of the following compounds have a chiral or asymmetric center. Mark the chiral center in those molecules.

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02:19

Problem 58

Locate the chiral carbon(s), if any, in the following molecules.

Vasu Makani
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02:29

Problem 59

Describe and give a specific example of the formation of
(a) a chain-growth polymer.
(b) a homopolymer.

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01:48

Problem 60

Describe and give a specific example of the formation of
(a) a step-growth polymer.
(b) a copolymer.

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01:34

Problem 61

Polyvinyl chloride, a chemically resistant polymer used in house siding and floor tiles, is a chain-growth polymer of chloroethene (vinyl chloride). Draw the repeating unit of polyvinyl chloride.

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01:33

Problem 62

Polystyrene, a polymer used for thermal insulation (e.g., coolers) and toys, is a chain-growth polymer of phenylethylene (styrene). Draw the repeating unit of polystyrene.

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01:13

Problem 63

Viton is a strong, flexible chain-growth copolymer used in gaskets. It is formed from 1,1 -difluoroethylene and hexafluoropropene. Draw the repeating unit.

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01:37

Problem 64

Tires are frequently made from SBR, the trade name of the chain-growth copolymer made from styrene $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}=\mathrm{CHC}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5}\right)$ and butadiene $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}=\mathrm{CHCH}=\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)$
Draw the repeating unit.

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01:08

Problem 65

Polyacrylonitrile, a chain-growth polymer used in carpets, is formulated as follows. What monomer is used to make polyacrylonitrile?

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01:49

Problem 66

Kevlar, a step-growth polymer used in bulletproof vests, is formulated as follows. What monomeric unit is used to make Kevlar?

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01:16

Problem 67

Write the general reaction for the combination of two amino acids to form a dipeptide.

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04:35

Problem 68

Give the structural formula of two different dipeptides formed between arginine and serine.

Crystal Wang
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02:28

Problem 69

Draw the structures of two of the tripeptides that can be formed from alanine, glycine, and cysteine.

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01:57

Problem 70

Draw the structures of two of the tripeptides that can be formed from valine, alanine, and serine.

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01:36

Problem 71

Draw the two forms of glucose, clearly indicating how they differ.

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01:15

Problem 72

Draw the structure of $\beta$ -galactose. How does it differ from glucose?

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01:35

Problem 73

Draw a disaccharide formed from $\beta$ -galactose and ribose.

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02:06

Problem 74

I Mannose has the same molecular formula as glucose and the same geometry except at carbon-2, where the $\mathrm{H}$ and OH groups are interchanged. Draw the structures of $\alpha$ - and $\beta$ -mannose.

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02:09

Problem 75

Draw and name the five principal bases used in DNA and RNA. Be specific about the bases used in DNA and those used in RNA.

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03:10

Problem 76

Draw the nucleotides that contain the following bases and sugars.
(a) Adenine and ribose
(b) Cytosine and deoxyribose
(c) Uracil and ribose

Adriano Chikande
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01:27

Problem 77

Write the structural formula for each of the following molecules.
(a) cis-2-bromo-3-hexene
(b) 2 -nitrophenol

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02:43

Problem 78

Indicate the functional groups in each of the following compounds.
(a) aspirin
(b) estrone
(c) butacetin, an analgesic (pain-killing) agent

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01:40

Problem 79

Explain why ethanol dissolves freely in water, whereas its isomer, dimethyl ether, is only slightly soluble in water.

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01:05

Problem 80

Draw the structure of an $\alpha$ -amino acid with a chiral center.

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01:26

Problem 81

Lexan is a step-growth polymer with high-impact strength formed from the following monomers with the elimination of phenol. Draw the copolymer.

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01:23

Problem 82

Write the structures of two monomers that you think might be used to make an interesting copolymer. Draw the repeating unit of the copolymer.

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01:18

Problem 83

Explain the correlation between the three-letter base pairs in a codon and the order of $\alpha$ -amino acids in proteins.

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01:17

Problem 84

How many different tripeptides can be formed that contain one glycine, one valine, and one alanine?

Adriano Chikande
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02:08

Problem 85

Write the reaction for bromination of propene. What mass of bromine is needed to completely react with $22.1 \mathrm{~g}$ propene?

Adriano Chikande
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01:50

Problem 86

Write the product of the reaction of equimolar amounts of chlorine gas and 1 -butyne. Are cis and trans isomers possible in the product? How does the hybridization of the alkyne carbon atoms change in the transition from reactant to product?

Adriano Chikande
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01:47

Problem 87

Describe the most important intermolecular force between molecules of
(a) 2 -methyl-2-propanol.
(b) 2 -butanone.

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01:37

Problem 88

A compound with the formula $\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{8}$ could have either of the following structures. If the addition of an equimolar amount of molecular hydrogen yields only a single pure compound, which structure is likely to be correct?

Adriano Chikande
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