Chapter Questions
What is nomenclature?
What is the name (and abbreviation) of the work that provides the rules and recommendations for plant nomenclature?
What groups of organisms are covered by this reference? What organisms are not?
What are the two basic activities governed by nomenclature (and the ICBN)?
What are legitimate and illegitimate names?
How are changes to the ICBN made?
Name the six principles of botanical nomenclature. Which of these is considered the fundamental principle?
What is the difference between the rules and the recommendations of the ICBN?
What is meant by a scientific name? Give three examples.
Which scientific names (i.e., at which rank) are always binomials (binary combinations)? Give an example of a binomial.
Who first consistently used the binomial and is called the "father of taxonomy?"
What is the correct form of a binomial?
For Quercus dumosa Nuttall, what is (a) Quercus; (b) dumosa; (c) Quercus dumosa; (d) Nuttall?
What are common names?
Name the reasons scientific names are advantageous over common names.
What is the difference between rank and position?
Name the standardized or recommended endings for scientific names at the ranks of phylum, class, subclass, superorder, order, family, subfamily, tribe.
What is the rank of the following: (a) Conostylidoideae; (b) Flacourtiaceae; (c) Haemodoreae; (d) Asteridae; (e) Linnaea borealis var. longiflora; (f) Liliopsida; (g) Magnoliophyta; (h) Rosales; (i) Tribonanthes; (j) Tribonanthes variegata; (k) Phlebocarya ciliata subsp. pilosissima?
What is the additional, validly published name for the Apiaceae; Arecaceae; Asteraceae; Brassicaceae; Fabaceae; Faboideae; Clusiaceae; Lamiaceae; Poaceae?
What is a ternary name? What are two infraspecific ranks and which is "higher"?
What does the author of a scientific name refer to?
Name four suggestions for memorizing scientific names.
What is meant by a nomenclatural "type"?
What is the difference between a holotype, isotype, lectotype, and neotype?
What is the nomenclatural type of a family name?
What is meant by "priority of publication"?
When and with what publication does priority of publication officially begin?
What is an adverse consequence of priority of publication?
What is conservation of names and how is this accomplished?
What are the two basic reasons for changing a scientific name?
Give the four major ways that names are changed and give an example of each.
What is remodeling? Does it require a name change?
What is a basionym?
What does it mean if an author's name is in parentheses, e.g., Machaeranthera juncea (Greene) Hartman?
You decide that the taxon Xiphidium coeruleum Aublet should be transferred in position to the genus Schiekia. What is the required new name (including authorship)? What if the new name had already been validly published?
You decide that the taxon Quercus albiniana (C. Jones) G. Smith subsp. tomentosa H. Carlisle should be elevated to the rank of species. What is the new name to be called (including authorship)?
What is an autonym? Give an example of an autonym at the rank of subfamily, subgenus, or subspecies.
What are the main criteria of a validly published name?
What is a protologue?
What is a synonym?
What are the two major reasons a name may be rejected?
How can a name be legitimate yet not be correct?
What can you infer from: Malacothrix incana (Nutt.) T. \& G. [Malacomeris $i$. Nutt.] ?
What can you infer from: Porophyllum gracile Benth. [P. caesium Greene; P. vaseyi Greene]?
What can you infer from: Gilia diegensis (Munz) A. \& V. Grant [G. inconspicua (Sm.) Sweet var. diegensis Munz] ?
What is a homonym? Is a later homonym legitimate or illegitimate?
What is a tautonym? Are tautonyms acceptable in (a) botanical nomenclature; (b) zoological nomenclature?
What is meant by "in" in authorship designations? How may such a designation be simplified?
What is meant by "ex" in authorship designations? How may such a designation be simplified?
What is the meaning of an $\times$ in a scientific name, as in Quercus $\times$ morehus?
What is the meaning of auct. non, emend., ined., nom. nov., nom. nud., s.l., s.s., and vide (!)?
How does the fact that a plant and a bird have the same scientific name not violate the principles of the ICBN?
In what language are scientific names treated?
Name the three Latin genders and give the standardized genus endings.
What is one prominent exception to these gender endings?
Names at which taxonomic ranks are always Latin plurals?
What is a commemorative name?
What endings may commemorative names have?
Are there universal rules for the pronunciation of scientific names?
What are the Latin diphthongs and how are they pronounced?
How is the combination "oi" properly pronounced in Latin?
What is the rule determining the number of syllables in a scientific name?
Name some of the specific rules for converting scientific names to syllables (refer to Figure 16.3).
Name some of the specific rules for pronouncing scientific names (refer to Figure 16.4).
Name the basic rules for accenting scientific names.
Convert to syllables and pronounce the following names: Cleistes, Eucalyptus, microcarpa, Oenothera, Pyrus.
A commemorative (named after a person or place) may be pronounced in what two basic ways?