Chemistry for Changing Times

John W. Hill; Terry W. McCreary; Doris K. Kolb

Chapter 22 Poisons - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

05:24

Problem 1

Is sucrose (table sugar) poisonous? Explain.

Maryam Riaz

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01:07

Problem 2

How can a substance be more harmful to one person than to another? Give an example.

Maryam Riaz

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03:08

Problem 3

How does the toxicity of a substance depend on the route of administration?

Maryam Riaz

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01:57

Problem 4

How does fluoroacetic acid exert its toxic effect?

Maryam Riaz

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04:45

Problem 5

List some sources of mercury poisoning and of lead poisoning.

Maryam Riaz

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03:22

Problem 6

What are the two leading causes of cancer?

Maryam Riaz

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04:05

Problem 7

Name several natural carcinogens.

Maryam Riaz

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01:08

Problem 8

How does cigarette smoking cause cancer?

Maryam Riaz

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01:42

Problem 9

Which of the following are corrosive poisons?
a. nitric acid
b. potassium hydroxide
c. trinitrotoluene
d. octane

Maryam Riaz

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02:34

Problem 10

How do dilute solutions of acids and bases damage living cells?

Crystal Wang

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03:11

Problem 11

Describe how hydrolysis affects the function of proteins.

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03:06

Problem 12

How does ozone damage living cells?

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01:26

Problem 13

What is a metabolic poison? List two such poisons.

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02:01

Problem 14

What is methemoglobin? How does methylene blue affect it?

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01:21

Problem 15

How do cyanides exert their toxic effect?

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03:04

Problem 16

How does sodium thiosulfate act as an antidote for cyanide poisoning?

Maryam Riaz

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02:27

Problem 17

Which of the following are heavy metals?
a. magnesium
b. lithium
c. lead
d. tellurium

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04:33

Problem 18

Iron (as $\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}$ ) is a necessary nutrient. What are the effects of too little $\mathrm{Fe}^{2+} ?$ Of too much?

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05:34

Problem 19

How does mercury (as $\mathrm{Hg}^{2+}$ ) exert its toxic effect?

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05:11

Problem 20

How does BAL act as an antidote for mercury poisoning?

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07:27

Problem 21

How does EDTA act as an antidote for lead poisoning?

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01:35

Problem 22

How does cadmium (as $\mathrm{Cd}^{2+}$ ) exert its toxic effect? What is itai-itai?

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05:12

Problem 23

List three nerve poisons developed for use in warfare.

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02:33

Problem 24

Why was tabun considered to be less effective as a nerve poison?

Crystal Wang

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03:26

Problem 25

What are the acetylcholine blocking poisons? How do they act on the acetvlcholine cycle?

Maryam Riaz

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01:04

Problem 26

Describe some uses of botulin in medicine.

Maryam Riaz

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01:09

Problem 27

How does the liver detoxify nicotine?

Maryam Riaz

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01:52

Problem 28

What is the P-450 system? What is its function?

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03:43

Problem 29

Do the P-450 enzymes always detoxify foreign substances? Explain.

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04:18

Problem 30

List two steps in the detoxification of ingested toluene. What is the effect of these steps?

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01:47

Problem 31

List two reasons why the conversion of nicotine to cotinine in the liver lessens the risk of nicotine poisoning.

Maryam Riaz

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01:02

Problem 32

How does ethanol work as an antidote for methanol poisoning?

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03:20

Problem 33

The $\mathrm{LD}_{50}$ value for methyl isocyanate (orally in rats), the substance that caused the Bhopal tragedy, is $140 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg}$. Estimate the lethal dose for a 190 -lb human.

Maryam Riaz

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02:36

The $\mathrm{LD}_{50}$ value for carbaryl (Sevin $^{\circledast}$ ), given orally to rats, is $307 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg} .$ If this value could be extrapolated to humans, what would be the lethal dose for an 16 -kg child?

Maryam Riaz

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04:35

Problem 35

A mutagen is a generic term for a mutation-causing agent. Some mutagens are also carcinogens, meaning that they cause cancer. How would a scientist determine if a substance is a mutagen?

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01:20

Problem 36

What are teratogens? Why can teratogens be particularly difficult to detect?

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03:00

Problem 37

List some conditions under which polycyclic hydrocarbons are formed.

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01:24

Problem 38

Name (a) two aromatic amines and (b) two aliphatic compounds that are carcinogens.

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02:01

Problem 39

List some of the limitations involved in testing compounds for carcinogenicity by using laboratory animals.

Maryam Riaz

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01:36

Problem 40

List some of the limitations involved in testing compounds for carcinogenicity by using laboratory animals.

Maryam Riaz

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01:40

Problem 41

What is an oncogene? How do they compare to suppressor genes?

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02:46

Problem 42

Describe the Ames test for mutagenicity. What are its limitations as a screening test for carcinogens?

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03:51

Problem 43

Define and give an example of a toxic waste.

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01:02

Problem 44

Which of the following are corrosive wastes?
a. sodium hydroxide, which is used as a drain cleaner
b. Sr metal, which reacts with water to form flammable $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ gas
c. trinitrotoluene, an explosive
d. phosphoric acid, which dissolves steel drums

Crystal Wang

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00:54

Problem 45

Botulin toxin has an estimated $\mathrm{LD}_{50}$ value of $200 \mathrm{pg} / \mathrm{kg}$ of body weight and an estimated molar mass of 150,000 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mol}$. About how many molecules would likely comprise a lethal dose for a $63-\mathrm{kg}$ human?

Crystal Wang

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01:12

Problem 46

Refer to Problem $45 .$ How much botulin would it take to likely kill (a) a $78-\mathrm{kg}$ person and (b) all 7.0 billion people on Earth, assuming an average body weight of $60 \mathrm{~kg} ?$

Crystal Wang

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01:32

Problem 47

Absinthe, a wormwood-flavored liqueur that was highly popular in France from about 1880 to $1914,$ contains thujone, a neurotoxin with an $\mathrm{LD}_{50}$ value (orally in mice) of $87.5 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg} .$ Absinthe was the subject of famous artworks by Degas, Van Gogh, and others. Banned in 1912 in the United States, the liqueur became legal again in $2007,$ with levels in the commercially distilled product limited to 10 $\mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{L}$ or less. (a) Determine the molecular formula of thujone from the structure below. (b) Estimate the likely lethal dose for a 90-kg person. (c) What is the maximum mass of thujone that a $0.50-\mathrm{L}$ bottle of absinthe can contain?

Crystal Wang

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01:10

Problem 48

Phosphorus comes in two forms, or allotropes. Red phosphorus is used in manufacture of matches and is only mildly toxic. White phosphorus, a waxy yellow solid, is highly toxic, with an orally ingested lethal dose of just 81 $\mathrm{mg}$ for a 63 -kg person. (a) What is the $\mathrm{LD}_{50}$ (in milligrams per kilogram) for white phosphorus?
(b) Where does white phosphorus fall in Table $22.1 ?$

Crystal Wang

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03:16

Problem 49

A British study more than 50 years ago involved 1357 people with lung cancer. Of these, 1350 were smokers and 7 were nonsmokers. A control group without cancer, matched in age and other characteristics, consisted of 1286 smokers and 63 nonsmokers. (a) Calculate the percentage of cancer sufferers who smoked and the percentage of controls who smoked. What can you infer from these proportions? (b) Calculate the odds of smoking for the cancer sufferers and the odds of smoking for the controls.
(c) Calculate the odds ratio. Interpret this result.

Crystal Wang

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04:37

Problem 50

Which of the nutrients listed in Table 17.3 are heavy metals?

Crystal Wang

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02:07

Problem 51

How is the statement "The dose makes the poison" related to Table $22.1 ?$

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00:40

Problem 52

Plutonium is an extremely hazardous heavy metal, mainly because it is radioactive. In one set of experiments, the $\mathrm{LD}_{50}$ value for plutonium (injected into rats) was found to be somewhat more than $200 \mu \mathrm{g}$ per/kg. Where in Table 22.1 should plutonium be placed?

Crystal Wang

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00:36

Problem 53

Refer to Problem $52,$ and determine whether either of the following doses of plutonium would likely be considered lethal for a $55-\mathrm{kg}$ female: (a) a 1.5-mg dose and (b) a 20-mg dose

Crystal Wang

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00:39

Problem 54

Referring to Table $22.1,$ determine whether the following would be likely to be lethal to a $60-\mathrm{kg}$ male: (a) a 10-mg dose of arsenic trioxide and (b) a 25-mg dose of ketamine.

Crystal Wang

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03:54

Problem 55

Justify the following statement: "Benzene itself is not toxic; the body makes it toxic."

Maryam Riaz

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02:36

Problem 56

Why does the added oxygen atom in cotinine make it more soluble in water? Why is this important?

Maryam Riaz

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05:28

Problem 57

The $\mathrm{LD}_{50}$ value for ethyl alcohol given orally to rats is $10.3 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{kg} .$ (a) What volume in milliliters of 100 proof vodka $(50 \% \mathrm{v} / \mathrm{v}$ ethanol $)$ would be likely to kill a typical $375-g$ rat? (b) Assuming that the rat's mass is $68 \%$ water, what would its blood alcohol level be, in milligrams per milliliter? (Density of 100 proof vodka is $0.92 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL}$ and the density of pure ethanol is $0.79 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL} .)$

David Collins

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01:09

Problem 58

Can a chemical be classified as toxic if it causes injury to cells only at high concentrations? Explain.

Crystal Wang

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00:40

Problem 59

What is the current "gold standard" for chemical toxicity testing?
a. cultured cell testing
b. rodent testing
c. human testing
d. nanotechnology testing

Crystal Wang

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01:27

Problem 60

Which of these is an example of how green chemistry can contribute to the design of safer chemicals?
a. A consumer chooses a safer product that does not work as well as the original version of the product.
b. A chemist identifies structural features of a chemical that are responsible for hazardous properties and replaces those portions of the molecule with safer alternatives.
c. Legislators pass a law that bans the use of any chemical that contains chlorine.
d. A chemist suggests that protective equipment be worn during the use of a toxic chemical.

Crystal Wang

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02:53

Problem 61

How can green chemistry lead to the design of safer chemicals?
a. Testing chemicals at the end of the R\&D process will make sure they are safe.
b. By linking specific structural features to hazards, chemists can design those features out of new chemicals.
c. Risk can be reduced by the use of protective equipment.
d. Chemists can make molecules less biodegradable so that they are not introduced to the environment.

Crystal Wang

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03:49

Problem 62

Explain why it would be greener to replace paraquat with diquat as an herbicide.

Maryam Riaz

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