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Essential College Physics

Andrew F. Rex, Richard Wolfson

Chapter 12

Temperature, Thermal Expansion, and Ideal Gases - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

01:50

Problem 1

Rank from largest to smallest the Fahrenheit degree, Celsius degree, and kelvin.

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
01:09

Problem 2

Why might you choose Celsius rather than kelvins for everyday temperatures?

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
01:40

Problem 3

Thermal energy and kinetic energy both involve motion. How do these two forms of energy differ?

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
01:25

Problem 4

What's the connection between temperature and thermal energy?

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
01:15

Problem 5

When a metal block with a hole is heated, does the hole get larger or smaller?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
01:28

Problem 6

How might life on Earth be different if water expanded consistently with increasing temperature? What if ice were denser than water?

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
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01:26

Problem 7

To strengthen concrete structures, steel rods called rebar are inserted throughout the concrete. Does having two different materials create a problem when thermal expansion occurs?

Dave Kratz
Dave Kratz
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01:54

Problem 8

One way to loosen a jar lid is to run it under water. Should you use cold or hot water?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
01:17

Problem 9

Most common gases are essentially ideal at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Why would you expect a gas to cease behaving ideally as it's cooled toward its boiling point?

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
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02:26

Problem 10

Describe an experiment to illustrate each of the following: Boyle's law, Charles's law, and Gay-Lussac's law.

Matthew Baker
Matthew Baker
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02:28

Problem 11

A scuba diver exhales an air bubble. How does the bubble's volume change as it rises?

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
02:06

Problem 12

Rank the rms speeds of air's ma jor components: nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and water vapor.

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
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01:21

Problem 13

If typical speeds of ideal gas molecules are on the order of hundreds of meters per second, why does it take several seconds for an odor to permeate a room?

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
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01:01

Problem 14

A $95^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ temperature is equivalent to (a) $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ;$ (b) $35^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$; (c) $40^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ (d) $45^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
01:06

Problem 15

Nitrogen boils at $77 \mathrm{~K}$. This is closest to (a) $-162^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$; (b) $-179^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$; (c) $-187^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ;$ (d) $-196^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
01:55

Problem 16

On a winter day, Seattle is $36^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ warmer than Chicago. What's this difference in ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$ (a) $32^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$; (b) $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$; (c) $18^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$; (d) $2^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
01:37

Problem 17

Starting at room temperature, increasing a steel rod's length by $1 \%$ requires a temperature of about (a) $650^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ (b) $850^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ (c) $1050^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ (d) $1250^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
01:32

Problem 18

Heating an aluminum block from $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $440^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ causes its density to decrease by about (a) $0.5 \%$; (b) $1 \%$ (c) $2 \%$ (d) $3 \%$.

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
02:22

Problem 19

Water's density is greatest at (a) $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ;$ (b) $4^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ;$ (c) $8^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$; (d) $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
01:08

Problem 20

An ideal gas at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $1.0 \times 10^{5}$ Pa pressure occupies a constant-volume container. If its temperature increases to $80^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ the pressure becomes (a) $1.0 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~Pa}$ (b) $1.2 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~Pa}$ (c) $1.5 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~Pa}$ (d) $4.0 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~Pa}$.

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
01:01

Problem 21

A sealed balloon occupies $120 \mathrm{~cm}^{3}$ at 1.00 atm pressure. If it's squeezed to a volume of $110 \mathrm{~cm}^{3}$ without its temperature changing, the pressure in the balloon becomes (a) $0.92 \mathrm{~atm}$; (b) $1.00 \mathrm{~atm}$ (c) $1.09 \mathrm{~atm}$ (d) 1.19 atm.

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
01:52

Problem 22

You fill your car tires with air on a cold morning $\left(0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$ to a gauge pressure of $210 \mathrm{kPa}$. As you drive, friction and the warming day increase the air temperature inside the tire to $45^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ while the volume remains constant. What's the new gauge pressure? (a) 210 $\mathrm{kPa}$; (b) $233 \mathrm{kPa}$; (c) $244 \mathrm{kPa}$ (d) $261 \mathrm{kPa}$.

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
01:09

Problem 23

What's the rms speed of nitrogen $\left(\mathrm{N}_{2}\right)$ molecules at $273 \mathrm{~K} ?$ (a) $465 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ (b) $492 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ (c) $510 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ (d) $560 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$.

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
01:02

Problem 24

What's the thermal energy of one mole of ideal gas at $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$ (a) $0 \mathrm{~J} ;$ (b) $1700 \mathrm{~J}$ (c) $2200 \mathrm{~J}$; (d) $3400 \mathrm{~J}$.

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
01:02

Problem 25

On a cold day it's $5^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$. What's the Celsius temperature?

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
02:11

Problem 26

Two rooms in your house differ in temperature by $4.5^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$. What's the temperature difference in (a) Celsius and (b) kelvin?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
03:05

Problem 27

Calculate the Fahrenheit and Kelvin equivalents of (a) nitrogen's boiling point, $-196^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $(\mathrm{b})$ lead's melting point, $327^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
01:17

Problem 28

A dog's body temperature is $1.5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ higher than a human's. Find the dog's temperature in ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$.

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
01:27

Problem 29

Climatologists project a 21 st-century global temperature rise of around $3^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, largely resulting from human greenhouse gas emissions. What's that rise in ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ ?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
02:17

Problem 30

In 2005 the Huygens probe landed on Saturn's moon Titan, where the average temperature is $-292^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$. (a) What's this temperature in ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$ (b) How far above absolute zero is this (in $\mathrm{K}$ )?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
02:10

Problem 31

The natural greenhouse effect, resulting from atmospheric water vapor and carbon dioxide, keeps Earth's surface some $33^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ warmer than it otherwise would be (the temperature rise of Problem 32 is in addition to this natural effect). (a) Express the natural greenhouse effect in ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$. (b) If Earth's average temperature is $15^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ what would it be without the natural greenhouse effect? Answer in both ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$.

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
01:45

Problem 32

What's absolute zero in Celsius and in Fahrenheit?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
01:09

Problem 33

You're traveling in Europe when you fall ill with a fever of $38.2^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. What's that in ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ ?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
01:12

Problem 34

Engineers in the United States sometimes express temperatures in degrees Rankine, where a Rankine degree is the same size as a Fahrenheit degree, but with the zero of the Rankine scale at absolute zero. What's room temperature $\left(68^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\right)$ in Rankine?

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
01:51

Problem 35

(a) At what point are Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures the same? (b) What's that temperature in kelvins?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
02:40

Problem 36

(a) At what point are Fahrenheit and Kelvin temperatures the same? (b) What's that temperature in Celsius?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
03:55

Problem 37

A 50.00 -m-long steel measuring tape is calibrated for use at $20.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. How long is this tape under the following conditions: (a) a hot day with $T=32^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $(\mathrm{b})$ a cold day with $T=-10^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
01:01

Problem 38

A $246-\mathrm{m}$ -tall skyscraper has a steel frame. By how much does the building's height on a cold day $\left(-20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$ differ from its height on a hot day $\left(40^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right) ?$

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
02:35

Problem 39

Bone is an anisotropic material, because its expansion coefficients are different in different directions. One experimental measurement gives $8.9 \times 10^{-5 \circ} \mathrm{C}^{-1}$ for the linear expansion coefficient along bone's long dimension and $5.4 \times 10^{-5 \circ} \mathrm{C}^{-1}$ for that along the short dimension. An individual's femur is normally $43.2 \mathrm{~cm}$ long and $2.75 \mathrm{~cm}$ in diameter. Find the change in each dimension when the individual suffers a high $104.5^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ fever.

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
01:03

Problem 40

Gasoline's thermal expansion coefficient is $9.5 \times 10^{-4 \circ} \mathrm{C}^{-1}$. A truck's 100 -gallon $(378.5 \mathrm{~L})$ gas tank is full on a $12^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ summer morning. The truck drives into the desert, where the afternoon temperature reaches $39^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. How much gasoline spills from the tank due to thermal expansion? (Ignore possible expansion of the tank itself. Modern vehicles have expansion tanks to prevent such spillage.)

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
01:34

Problem 41

A biological cell is mostly water. It's $5.0 \mu \mathrm{m}$ in diameter at normal body temperature of $37.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If a hypothermia victim's temperature drops to $32^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ what's the change in the cell diameter? Interpolate an approximate expansion coefficient from Table 12.1 .

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
02:01

Problem 42

Using the graph in Figure $12.6 \mathrm{c},$ plot the density of water from $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$

Matthew Baker
Matthew Baker
Numerade Educator
02:18

Problem 43

A pendulum clock has an aluminum pendulum exactly $1 \mathrm{~m}$ long when the clock is calibrated perfectly. If the temperature increases by $5^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ does the clock run fast or slow? By how much is it off at the end of one day? Assume a simple pendulum in which the aluminum rod's mass is negligible compared to the pendulum bob.

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
02:18

Problem 44

A beaker with a capacity of exactly $100 \mathrm{~mL}$ contains $99.8 \mathrm{~mL}$ of ethanol at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If its temperature rises, at what temperature will it overflow?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
01:29

Problem 45

Imagine a circular hole in a piece of metal, such as a cylinder in an engine block. When the temperature increases, does the metal expand into the hole, making it smaller, or does the hole expand outward, making it larger? Explain your reasoning.

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
01:32

Problem 46

Suppose a hole of area $A$ is cut into a piece of metal with linear thermal expansion coefficient $\alpha .$ Show that the expansion of the hole with temperature increase $\Delta T$ is given approximately by
$$
\frac{\Delta A}{A}=(2 \alpha) \Delta T
$$

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
02:21

Problem 47

A flat copper sheet has a hole with area $0.250 \mathrm{~m}^{2}$ at room temperature $\left({ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right) .$ If it's heated to $400^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ what's the hole's new area?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
06:02

Problem 48

A machine has a 2.00 -cm-diameter copper cylinder fitted into a hole in a steel block. At $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ there's a uniform $0.0525-\mathrm{mm}$ gap between the cylinder and the steel block. (a) At what temperature will the copper and steel just make contact? (b) How would the situation change if the copper cylinder were replaced with a steel one?

Matthew Baker
Matthew Baker
Numerade Educator
03:52

Problem 49

Find the mass of (a) 1 mol of argon (Ar); (b) $0.25 \mathrm{~mol}$ of carbon dioxide $\left(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\right) ;$ (c) $2.6 \mathrm{~mol}$ of neon $(\mathrm{Ne})$ (d) $1.5 \mathrm{~mol}$ of $\mathrm{UF}_{6}$.

Matthew Baker
Matthew Baker
Numerade Educator
01:38

Problem 50

Suppose you have a spherical balloon filled with air at room temperature and 1.0 atm pressure; its radius is $12 \mathrm{~cm}$. You take the balloon in an airplane, where the pressure is 0.85 atm. If the temperature is unchanged, what's the balloon's new radius?

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
01:31

Problem 51

How many air molecules are in a classroom measuring $8.0 \mathrm{~m}$ by $7.0 \mathrm{~m}$ by $2.8 \mathrm{~m}$, assuming 1 atm pressure and a temperature of $22^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
09:58

Problem 52

Taking a deep breath, a person inhales $5.5 \mathrm{~L}$ of air at atmospheric pressure and $T=15^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .$ By volume, air is about $78 \%$ nitrogen $\left(\mathrm{N}_{2}\right), 21 \%$ oxygen $\left(\mathrm{O}_{2}\right),$ and $0.93 \%$ argon (Ar). Find the number of molecules and mass of each of those substances in that deep breath.

Matthew Baker
Matthew Baker
Numerade Educator
01:53

Problem 53

A spherical balloon with radius $10.0 \mathrm{~cm}$ contains a gas at 1.05 atm pressure. The balloon is put into a hyperbaric (highpressure) chamber at 1.75 atm. Assume that the balloon's temperature remains constant. (a) Does the balloon's size increase or decrease? (b) Compute its new radius.

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
01:18

Problem 54

A closed flask with fixed volume contains a gas at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 1 atm pressure. After heating over a Bunsen burner, the pressure is 1.65 atm. What's the new temperature?

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
04:25

Problem 55

(a) Compute the densities of each of the noble gases (elements in the last column of the periodic table, starting with helium) at $T=25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $P=1 \mathrm{~atm} .(\mathrm{b})$ Which are lighter than air?

Matthew Baker
Matthew Baker
Numerade Educator
01:50

Problem 56

A good laboratory vacuum has pressure $10^{-8}$ torr. (a) What's the number density of air molecules at this pressure, assuming room temperature $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$ (b) Compare your result with the number density under standard conditions, computed in Example $12.9 .$

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
06:27

Problem 57

You fill your tires with air on a cold morning $\left(-5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$ to $220-\mathrm{kPa}$ gauge pressure, then drive into a $32^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ desert. (a) Assuming the volume of air in the tires remains constant, what's the new gauge pressure? (b) What would be the gauge pressure if the volume of air had expanded by $3 \% ?$

Matthew Baker
Matthew Baker
Numerade Educator
03:21

Problem 58

A blimp typically contains about $5000 \mathrm{~m}^{3}$ of helium. Suppose the helium's pressure and temperature are $1.1 \times 10^{\circ} \mathrm{Pa}$ and $15^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ respectively. (a) What's the mass of helium in the blimp? (b) What's the buoyant force on the blimp? (c) What's the maximum possible mass for the rest of the blimp (skin and payload) if it's neutrally buoyant (neither rising nor sinking)?

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
05:37

Problem 59

Your bicycle tire, with volume $3.1 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~m}^{3}$, calls for a 600 -kPa gauge pressure. But you measure the pressure at only $250 \mathrm{kPa}$. (a) What mass of air do you need to add to reach the specified pressure? Assume the temperature doesn't change during inflation. (b) If you've ever inflated a tire, you know that it warms in the process. Suppose in this case the air temperature rises from $15^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $22^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Now how much additional air is required to reach the specified pressure?

Matthew Baker
Matthew Baker
Numerade Educator
03:15

Problem 60

A compressed-air cylinder stands $100 \mathrm{~cm}$ tall and has internal diameter $20.0 \mathrm{~cm} .$ At room temperature, its pressure is 180 atm. (a) How many moles of air are in the cylinder? (b) What volume would this air occupy at room temperature and 1 atm pressure?

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
01:57

Problem 61

A scuba diver is $12.5 \mathrm{~m}$ below the ocean surface, and seawater's density is $1030 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}$. The diver exhales a $25.0-\mathrm{cm}^{3}$ bubble. What's the bubble's volume as it reaches the surface? Assume uniform water temperature.

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
02:41

Problem 62

A scuba diver is $14.0 \mathrm{~m}$ below the surface of the lake, where the water temperature is $8.60^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The density of fresh water is $1000 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}$. The diver exhales a $22.3-\mathrm{cm}^{3}$ bubble. What's the bubble's volume as it reaches the surface, where the water temperature is $13.6^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
02:49

Problem 63

The Hindenburg, a famous German airship that exploded spectacularly in 1937 as it moored at a New Jersey air station, carried $2.12 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~m}^{3}$ of hydrogen $\left(\mathrm{H}_{2}\right)$ for buoyancy. (a) How did the mass of the Hindenburg's hydrogen compare with the mass of an equal volume of less flammable helium (He) under identical conditions? (b) If the gas pressure was $1.05 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~Pa}$ and temperature was $10^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ what was the total mass of the Hindenburg's hydrogen?

Matthew Baker
Matthew Baker
Numerade Educator
04:54

Problem 64

One problem facing fuel cell cars is storing enough hydrogen for a reasonable driving distance. Hydrogen's energy density is $142 \mathrm{MJ} / \mathrm{kg},$ higher than gasoline's $44 \mathrm{MJ} / \mathrm{kg} .$ But gasoline is a liquid (density approximately $720 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}$ ), and hydrogen is a gas. Suppose you want to store the energy equivalent of a full tank of gasoline in a tank with the same volume, but containing hydrogen gas $\left(\mathrm{H}_{2}\right)$. What pressure would you need, assuming a temperature of $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ? Is this practical?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
02:18

Problem 65

(a) Find the rms speed in hydrogen $\left(\mathrm{H}_{2}\right)$ at $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}(273 \mathrm{~K})$. (b) How much does the rms speed change when the temperature doubles to $546 \mathrm{~K} ?$

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
01:03

Problem 66

Compute the ratio of the rms speeds of air's major components, $\mathrm{N}_{2}$ and $\mathrm{O}_{2},$ at $273 \mathrm{~K}$.

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
01:01

Problem 67

An ideal gas has rms speed $v_{\mathrm{rms}}$ at a temperature of $293 \mathrm{~K}$. At what temperature is the rms speed doubled?

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
01:06

Problem 68

What's the average kinetic energy per molecule in (a) helium and (b) oxygen at $T=273 \mathrm{~K} ?$

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
01:20

Problem 69

If the temperature of an ideal gas increases from $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $80^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ by what factor is the rms speed increased?

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
01:18

Problem 70

Venus's atmosphere is mostly $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$. If the rms speed of a carbon dioxide molecule at Venus's surface is $652 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s},$ what's the temperature there?

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
01:01

Problem 71

The Sun's surface temperature is about $5800 \mathrm{~K}$. At this temperature, hydrogen is in its atomic state $(\mathrm{H}),$ rather than its molecular state $\left(\mathrm{H}_{2}\right)$. (a) What's the average thermal energy of hydrogen atoms at the solar surface? (b) Compare with hydrogen's ionization energy, $2.18 \times 10^{-18} \mathrm{~J}$

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
03:00

Problem 72

(a) Find the most probable speed for a hydrogen molecule $\left(\mathrm{H}_{2}\right)$ at $293 \mathrm{~K}$. (b) Graph the Maxwell distribution for $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ at this temperature. (c) Use your graph to compare relative numbers of molecules at the following speeds: the most probable speed, $200 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s},$ and $600 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
04:58

Problem 73

(a) Compute the most probable and rms speeds for helium (He) at room temperature $(293 \mathrm{~K})$. (b) There's essentially no helium in our atmosphere, and any helium released to the atmosphere eventually escapes to space. However, the speeds you found in part (a) are significantly lower than Earth's $11-\mathrm{km} / \mathrm{s}$ escape speed (Chapter 9 ). Why then does helium escape Earth's atmosphere?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
02:03

Problem 74

Derive Equation 12.5 by following these steps. (a) Consider a single molecule of mass $m$ traveling in the $+x$ -direction with velocity $v_{x}$. Show that when this molecule collides and rebounds elastically from the container wall in a time $\Delta t,$ it exerts a force $F=2 m v_{x} / \Delta t$ on the wall. (b) Assume that the container is a cube of side $L$, so the average time between collisions on a particular wall is $\Delta t=2 L / v_{x} .$ Show therefore that the average force in part (a) can be written $F=m v_{x}^{2} / L .$ (c) Let the area of each wall of the container be $A$. Use the fact that pressure $P=F / A,$ along with the fact that the container's volume is $V=A L,$ to show that the average pressure is $P=N m \overline{v_{x}^{2}} / V .$ (d) Use the fact that $v^{2}=v_{x}^{2}+v_{y}^{2}+v_{z}^{2}$ to argue that the average pressure is $P=N m \bar{v}^{2} / 3 V .$ Hint: You may assume from symmetry that, on average, $v_{x}^{2}=v_{y}^{2}=v_{z}^{2}$.

Bruce Edelman
Bruce Edelman
Numerade Educator
01:23

Problem 75

An ideal gas is maintained at $P=1$ atm. By what percentage does the density of the gas change from a cold day $\left(-10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$ to a hot day $\left(32^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right) ?$

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
01:25

Problem 76

Venus's average temperature is $730 \mathrm{~K},$ and its pressure is 100 times that of Earth. Find the volume of 1 mole of Venus's atmosphere.

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
03:46

Problem 77

Steel rails $20.0 \mathrm{~m}$ long are laid end to end with gaps between them to account for thermal expansion. (a) If the track is laid when it's $15^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ how large should the gaps be to allow temperatures up to $38^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$ (b) If the track is laid using the gaps you found in part (a), how large will the gaps be on a $-20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ winter morning?

Matthew Baker
Matthew Baker
Numerade Educator
01:32

Problem 78

The Sun's outer atmosphere, or corona, is a hot, diffuse gas with approximate temperature $T=2 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{~K}$ and pressure $P=0.03 \mathrm{~Pa}$. What's the number density of particles in the corona?

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
04:50

Problem 79

A steel measuring tape is exactly correct at $22^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. (a) On a cold day $\left(-5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right),$ the tape measures the length of an aluminum beam to be $19.357 \mathrm{~m}$. What's the beam's actual length? (b) On a hot day $\left(33^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right),$ what will be the actual length of the beam, and what will the tape measure?

Matthew Baker
Matthew Baker
Numerade Educator
02:00

Problem 80

A copper cylinder has diameter $1.000 \mathrm{~cm}$ and height $7.000 \mathrm{~cm}$ at $18^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If the cylinder is immersed in ice water at $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, what are its dimensions?

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
01:52

Problem 81

An aerosol can of whipped cream is at gauge pressure $440 \mathrm{kPa}$ when refrigerated at $3^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The can warns against temperatures exceeding $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ What's the maximum safe pressure for this can?

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
05:16

Problem 82

An aluminum block measures $1.000 \mathrm{~cm}$ by $2.000 \mathrm{~cm}$ by $3.000 \mathrm{~cm} .$ Find its volume after a $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ temperature increase in two ways: (a) using aluminum's linear expansion coefficient on each side and then determining the new volume and (b) using the volume expansion coefficient. Your results should verify the rela$\operatorname{tion} \beta=3 \alpha$.

VS
Vivek Singh
Numerade Educator
02:36

Problem 83

The M6 medical oxygen cylinder supplies $165 \mathrm{~L}$ of oxygen gas at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 1 atm pressure. Internally, it measures $28 \mathrm{~cm}$ high by $6.8 \mathrm{~cm}$ in diameter. What's the pressure in a full M6 cylinder at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ?

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
04:30

Problem 84

A steel ball bearing exactly $1 \mathrm{~cm}$ in diameter fits tightly into a Pyrex cube at $330 \mathrm{~K}$. At what temperature will there be a $1.0-\mu \mathrm{m}$ clearance on all sides?

Matthew Baker
Matthew Baker
Numerade Educator
02:39

Problem 85

As described in the text, one method for separating the uranium isotopes $\mathrm{U}-235$ and $\mathrm{U}-238$ involves diffusion of the gas $\mathrm{UF}_{6}$ this works because the lighter U-235 moves faster and so diffuses more readily. Treating $\mathrm{UF}_{6}$ as ideal, find the ratio of the rms speeds of UF $_{6}$ molecules containing the different isotopes at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
05:05

Problem 86

A 3000 -mL flask is initially open to air at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 1 atm pressure. It's then closed and immersed in boiling water. When it has reached equilibrium, the flask is opened and air is allowed to escape. Then it's closed and cooled back to $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. (a) What's the maximum pressure reached in the flask? (b) How many moles escape when the air is released? (c) What's the final pressure?

Matthew Baker
Matthew Baker
Numerade Educator
04:01

Problem 87

One danger of global warming is a rise in sea level that could inundate coastal areas. In addition to the melting polar ice caps, a primary cause of this rise is thermal expansion of water. Estimate the sea-level rise resulting from each $1^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ rise in average ocean temperature. Assume a uniform ocean depth of $3.8 \mathrm{~km}$ and water temperature $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Your answer is an underestimate; among other things, it doesn't include the effects of salinity changes or processes in the cold depths where, as Table 12.1 shows, water's expansion coefficient is much different than that at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University