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Biological Science

Scott Freeman, Lizabeth Allison, Michael Black

Chapter 51

The Immune System in Animals - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

03:01

Problem 1

What is the primary difference between the innate and adaptive responses?
a. The innate response does not distinguish between pathogens, while the adaptive response does.
b. Only the innate response is triggered by antigens.
c. The adaptive response generates immunological memory and is more specific than the innate response.
d. The innate response does not kill cells; the adaptive response does.

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01:44

Problem 2

The overall role of the inflammatory response is to
a. contain and eliminate foreign cells and material at the site of infection.
b. increase heat at the site of infection to activate enzymes used in the immune response.
c. produce antibodies that bind to invading cells and eliminate them.
d. increase blood flow at the site of the wound to flush out invading pathogen.

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01:26

Problem 3

What is the difference between an epitope and an antigen?
a. An epitope is any foreign substance; an antigen is a foreign protein.
b. An epitope is the part of an antigen where an antibody or lymphocyte receptor binds.
c. An antigen is the part of an epitope where an antibody or lymphocyte receptor binds.
d. Antigens are recognized by $\mathrm{B}$ cells and antibodies; epitopes are recognized by T cells.

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01:16

Problem 4

How do B-cell receptors and antibodies differ?

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01:46

Problem 5

What is one of the differences between $\mathrm{CD} 4^{+}$ and $\mathrm{CD} 8^{+} \mathrm{T}$ cells?
a. $\mathrm{CD} 4^{+}$ cells are immature and $\mathrm{CD} 8^{+}$ cells are mature.
b. $\mathrm{CD} 4^{+}$ cells are activated and $\mathrm{CD} 8^{+}$ cells are not.
c. $\mathrm{CD} 4^{+}$ cells interact with class II MHC proteins, and $\mathrm{CD} 8^{+}$ cells interact with class I MHC proteins.
d. $\mathrm{CD} 4^{+}$ cells activate cell-mediated responses, and $\mathrm{CD} 8^{+}$ cells activate humoral responses.

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01:24

Problem 6

What is the hygiene hypothesis?

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02:22

Problem 7

Explain how B cells are fully activated to differentiate into plasma cells.

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01:59

Problem 8

Compare and contrast how B-cell receptors and T-cell receptors recognize antigens.

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01:46

Problem 9

What do vaccines need to contain in order to be effective? Why don't we have vaccines for HIV?

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02:03

Problem 10

Why is clonal selection necessary for the adaptive immune response but not the innate immune response?
a. The adaptive response uses receptors to recognize pathogens, and the innate response does not.
b. There is more diversity in the receptors in the adaptive response compared to the innate response.
c. Cells in the innate response do not require activation, and those in the adaptive response do.
d. This process is used for targeting pathogens, and the innate response is used only to stop blood flow from the wound.

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01:37

Problem 11

Compare and contrast the interaction between pathogens and the pattern-recognition receptors on leukocytes versus that between antigens and BCRs or TCRs.

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02:37

Problem 12

Explain how DNA recombination leads to the production of almost limitless numbers of different B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, and antibodies.

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03:13

Problem 13

Which of the following outcomes would be expected if there were
a mutation that inhibited somatic hypermutation?
a. The diversity of pattern-recognition receptors would be significantly lowered.
b. $\mathrm{B}$ and $\mathrm{T}$ lymphocytes would not be able to produce receptors that recognize antigens.
c. The adaptive immune system would not be able to respond to pathogens.
d. The secondary immune response to a repeat infection would produce the same antibodies as those made in the primary immune response.

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02:08

Problem 14

Predict how self-reactive $\mathrm{B}$ cells are identified and eliminated during maturation.

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01:42

Problem 15

It seems astonishing that the immune system can produce antibodies to compounds that were recently synthesized for the first time in the lab. Given that viruses and other pathogens evolve rapidly, why would natural selection favor individuals having genes that made extensive antibody diversity possible?

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02:45

Problem 16

During World War II, physicians discovered that if they removed undamaged skin from a patient and grafted it onto the site of a burn on the same patient, the tissue healed well. But if the grafted tissue came from a different individual, the skin graft was rejected. What is responsible for this difference?

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