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A History of Mathematics: An Introduction

Victor J.Katz

Chapter 9

The Mathematics of Islam - all with Video Answers

Educators


Chapter Questions

00:45

Problem 1

Multiply 8023 by 4638 using the method of al-Uqlidis?

Angela Guo
Angela Guo
Numerade Educator
03:53

Problem 2

Al-Khw?rizmi gives the following rule for his sixth case, $b x+c=x^{2}:$ Halve the number of roots. Multiply this by itself. Add this square to the number. Extract the square root. Add this to the half of the number of roots. That is the solution. Translate this rule into a formula. Give a geometric argument for its validity using Figure $9.36$, where $x=A B$, $b=H C, c$ is represented by rectangle $A B R H$, and $G$ is the midpoint of $H C$.
FIGURE $9.36$
Al=Khw?rizmi's justification for the solution rule for $b x+c=x^{2}$

Suzanne W.
Suzanne W.
Numerade Educator
01:10

Problem 3

Solve the following problems due to al-Khw?rizmi:
a. $x^{2}+(10-x)^{2}=58$
b. I have divided 10 into two parts, and have divided the first by the second, and the second by the first and the, sum of the quotients is $21 / 6$. Find the parts.

Teresa Fuston
Teresa Fuston
Numerade Educator
View

Problem 4

Solve $\frac{1}{2} x^{2}+5 x=28$ by multiplying first by 2 and then using al-Khw?rizmi's procedure. Similarly, solve $2 x^{2}+$ $10 x=48$ by first dividing by 2

Alison Rodriguez
Alison Rodriguez
Numerade Educator
01:25

Problem 5

Prove that al-Khwärizmi's procedure for solving equations of the form $x^{2}+c=b x$ is correct using Euclid's Elements, II-5.

Hoan Nguyen
Hoan Nguyen
Numerade Educator
02:07

Problem 6

Solve the following problems of Ab? K?mil:
a. Suppose 10 is divided into two parts and the product of one part by itself equals the product of the other part by the square root of 10 . Find the parts.
b. Suppose 10 is divided into two parts, each one of which is divided by the other, and the sum of the quotients equals the square root of 5 . Find the parts. (Ab? K?mil solves this in two ways, once directly for $x$, and a second time by first setting $y=\frac{10-x}{x}$.)

Jorge Villanueva
Jorge Villanueva
Numerade Educator
04:03

Problem 7

Solve the following problems of Ab? K?mil:
a. $[x-(2 \sqrt{x}+10)]^{2}=8 x$ (First substitute $x=y^{2}$.)
b. $\left(x+\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} x}\right)^{2}=4 x$ (Ab? K?mil does this three different ways; he first solves directly for $x$, next substitutes $x=$ $y^{2}$, and finally substitutes $x=2 y^{2}$.)

AG
Ankit Gupta
Numerade Educator
01:07

Problem 8

Complete the solution of Ab? K?mil's problem in three variables given in the text by now beginning with the assumption that $z=1$.

Ashley Volpe
Ashley Volpe
Numerade Educator
00:48

Problem 9

Solve the following problem in three variables due to Ab? K?mil: $x<y<z, x^{2}+y^{2}=z^{2}, x z=y^{2}, x y=10$. (Begin by setting $y=\frac{10}{x}, z=\frac{100}{x^{3}}$, and substituting in the first equation.)

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
05:15

Problem 10

Complete al-Samaw'al's procedure of dividing $20 x^{2}+30 x$ by $6 x^{2}+12$ to get the result stated in the text. Prove that the coefficients of the quotient satisfy the rule $a_{n+2}=-2 a_{n}$ where $a_{n}$ is the coefficient of $\frac{1}{n}$

Vg
Viraj Gaggar
Numerade Educator
03:50

Problem 11

Give a complete inductive proof of the result
$$
\sum_{i=1}^{n} i^{3}=\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n} i\right)^{2}
$$
and compare with al-Karaji's proof.

AG
Ankit Gupta
Numerade Educator
01:14

Problem 12

Use ibn al-Haytham's procedure to derive the formula for the sum of the fifth powers of the integers:
$$
1^{5}+2^{5}+\cdots+n^{5}=\frac{1}{6} n^{6}+\frac{1}{2} n^{5}+\frac{5}{12} n^{4}-\frac{1}{12} n^{2}
$$

Tanishq Gupta
Tanishq Gupta
Numerade Educator
02:41

Problem 13

Give a formal proof of Equation $9.2$ by induction on $n$.

Kumar  Vaibhav
Kumar Vaibhav
Numerade Educator
01:14

Problem 14

Show, using the formulas for sums of fourth powers and squares, that
$$
\begin{aligned}
\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}\left(n^{4}-2 n^{2} i^{2}+i^{4}\right) &=\frac{8}{15}(n-1) n^{4}+\frac{1}{30} n^{4}-\frac{1}{30} n \\
&=\frac{8}{15} n \cdot n^{4}-\frac{1}{2} n^{4}-\frac{1}{30} n
\end{aligned}
$$

Tanishq Gupta
Tanishq Gupta
Numerade Educator
02:37

Problem 15

Using Figure 9.11, show that if $A E: G H=E H: H B$ and if $I G$ is tangent to the circle at $G$, then $E G+G H=E I$.

Jay Patel
Jay Patel
Numerade Educator
16:29

Problem 16

Show that one can solve $x^{3}+d=c x$ by intersecting the hyperbola $y^{2}-x^{2}+\frac{d}{c} x=0$ with the parabola $x^{2}=\sqrt{c} y$. Sketch the two conics. Find sets of values for $c$ and $d$ for which these conics do not intersect, intersect once, and intersect twice.

Matthew Lee
Matthew Lee
Numerade Educator
02:27

Problem 17

Show that $x^{3}+c x=b x^{2}+d$ is the only one of al-Khayy?mi's cubics that could have three positive solutions. Under what conditions do these three positive solutions exist? How many positive solutions does the equation $x^{3}+$ $200 x=20 x^{2}+2000$ have? (The solution of this equation enabled al-Khayy?mi to solve his quadrant problem.)

Helen Latting
Helen Latting
Numerade Educator
01:03

Problem 18

Show that one can solve $x^{3}+d=b x^{2}$ by intersecting the hyperbola $x y=d$ and the parabola $y^{2}+d x-d b=0 .$ Assuming that $\sqrt[3]{d}<b$, determine the conditions on $b$ and $d$ \} that give zero, one, or two intersections of these two conics.
Compare your answer with Sharaf al-Din al-T?si's analysis of the same problem.

Carson Merrill
Carson Merrill
Numerade Educator
02:41

Problem 19

Show using calculus that $x_{0}=\frac{2 b}{3}$ does maximize the function $x^{2}(b-x)$. Then use calculus to analyze the graph of $y=x^{3}-b x^{2}+d$ and confirm Sharaf al-Din's conclusion on the number of positive solutions to $x^{3}+d=b x^{2}$.

Wendi Zhao
Wendi Zhao
Numerade Educator
01:15

Problem 20

Show, as did Sharaf al-Din al-T?si, that if $x_{2}$ is the larger positive root to the cubic equation $x^{3}+d=b x^{2}$, and if $Y$ is the positive solution to the equation $x^{2}+\left(b-x_{2}\right) x=$ $x_{2}\left(b-x_{2}\right)$, then $x_{1}=Y+b-x_{2}$ is the smaller positive root of the original cubic.

Nick Johnson
Nick Johnson
Numerade Educator
03:45

Problem 21

Analyze the possibilities of positive solutions to $x^{3}+d=$ $c x$ by first showing that the maximum of the function $x(c-$ $x^{2}$ ) occurs at $x_{0}=\sqrt{\frac{c}{3}}$. Use calculus to consider the graph of $y=x^{3}-c x+d$ and determine the conditions on the coefficients giving it zero, one, or two positive solutions.

Jack Chen
Jack Chen
Numerade Educator
04:42

Problem 22

Show that 17,296 and 18,416 are amicable by using ibn Qurra's theorem.

Kira Harland
Kira Harland
Numerade Educator
01:19

Problem 23

Show that 1184 and 1210 are amicable numbers that are not a consequence of the theorem of Th?bit ibn Qurra.

Nick Johnson
Nick Johnson
Numerade Educator
01:01

Problem 24

Find a pair of amicable numbers different from those in the
text.

Darshan Maheshwari
Darshan Maheshwari
Numerade Educator
06:30

Problem 25

Demonstrate the following equalities, typical examples of material on irrationals occurring in works of Islamic commentators on Elements X:
a. $\sqrt{\sqrt{8} \pm \sqrt{6}}=\sqrt[4]{4 \frac{1}{2}} \pm \sqrt[4]{\frac{1}{2}}$.
b. $\sqrt[4]{12} \pm \sqrt[4]{3}=\sqrt{\sqrt{27} \pm(\sqrt{24}}=\sqrt[4]{51 \pm \sqrt{2592}}$.

P Krishnamurthy
P Krishnamurthy
Numerade Educator
09:28

Problem 26

Ab? Sahl al-K?hì knew from his own work on centers of gravity and the work of his predecessors that the center of gravity divides the axis of certain plane and solid figures in the following ratios:
Tetrahedron: $\frac{1}{4}$
Segment of a parabola: $\frac{2}{3} \quad$ Paraboloid of revolution: $\frac{2}{6}$
Hemisphere: $\frac{3}{8}$
Noting the pattern, he guessed that the corresponding value for a semicircle was $3 / 7$. Show that al-K?hi's first five results are correct, but that his guess for the semicircle\} implies that $\pi=31 / 9$. (Al-K?h? realized that this value contradicted Archimedes' bounds of $310 / 71$ and $31 / 7$, but concluded that there was an error in the transmission of Archimedes' work.)

Geena Pullo
Geena Pullo
Numerade Educator
07:29

Problem 27

Calculate the first four sexagesimal places of the approximation to $x=\operatorname{Sin} 1^{\circ}$ following the method indicated in the
text. Your calculation should show why the iteration method works.

Oswaldo Jiménez
Oswaldo Jiménez
Numerade Educator
01:57

Problem 28

In the tenth century, the mathematician 'Abd al-'Aziz alQabisi described a trigonometric method, using only the sine, for determining the height and distance of an inaccessible object. One sights the summit $A$ from two locations $C$, $D$, and determines, using an astrolabe (an angle-measuring instrument usually used for astronomical purposes), the angles $\alpha_{1}=\angle A C B$ and $\alpha_{2}=\angle A D B$ (Fig. 9.37). If $C D=$ $d$, then the height $y=A B$ and the distance $x=B C$ are given by
$$
\begin{aligned}
&y=\frac{d \sin \alpha_{2}}{\sin \left(90-\alpha_{2}\right)-\frac{\sin \left(90-\alpha_{1}\right) \sin \alpha_{2}}{\sin \alpha_{1}}} \\
&x=\frac{y \sin \left(90-\alpha_{1}\right)}{\sin \alpha_{1}}
\end{aligned}
$$
Prove that al-Qabisi's formula is correct.
Al-Qabi's method for determining height and distance by way of two angle determinations

Christine Anacker
Christine Anacker
Numerade Educator
01:53

Problem 29

Use al-B?r?ni's procedure to determine the qibla for Rome (latitude $41^{\circ} 53^{\prime} \mathrm{N}$, longitude $12^{\circ} 30^{\prime} \mathrm{E}$ ).

Karly Williams
Karly Williams
Numerade Educator
01:23

Problem 30

Show that the radius $r_{\alpha}$ of a latitude circle on the earth at $\alpha^{\circ}$ is given by $r_{\alpha}=R \cos \alpha$, where $R$ is the radius of the -earth.

Prabhu Ramji
Prabhu Ramji
Numerade Educator
05:38

Problem 31

The latitudes of Philadelphia and Ankara, Turkey, are the same $\left(40^{\circ}\right)$, with the first at longitude $75^{\circ} \mathrm{W}$ and the second at longitude $33^{\circ} \mathrm{E}$. Calculate the distance between Philadelphia and Ankara along the latitude circle, by first calculating the radius of that circle, using 25,000 miles for the circumference of the earth. Then calculate the distance along a great circle, by noting that the chord connecting the two cities can be thought of as a chord of that circle as well as a chord of the latitude circle. (Hint: You will have to convert the chords to the appropriate sines to make this calculation.)

Arulmozhi T
Arulmozhi T
Numerade Educator
03:13

Problem 32

Show directly, without the use of Ptolemy's theorem, that in an isosceles trapezoid, the square on a diagonal is equal
to the sum of the product of the two parallel sides plus the square on one of the other sides.

Jacquelyn Trost
Jacquelyn Trost
Numerade Educator
00:57

Problem 33

Use al-B?r?ni's nontrigonometric procedure for calculating distances on the earth to find the great circle distance. between New York (latitude $41^{\circ} \mathrm{N}$, longitude $74^{\circ} \mathrm{W}$ ) and London (latitude $52^{\circ} \mathrm{N}$, longitude $0^{\circ}$ ). Assume that the circumference of the earth is 25,000 miles.

Katelyn Chen
Katelyn Chen
Numerade Educator
06:21

Problem 34

Al-Batt?n? developed a formula equivalent to what is today called the spherical law of cosines:
$$
\cos a=\cos b \cos c+\sin b \sin c \cos A
$$
Use this formula to determine the qibla for Rome. (AlBatt?n? did not himself do this.)

Brianna Orr
Brianna Orr
Numerade Educator
01:56

Problem 35

Use the spherical law of cosines (previous exercise) to determine the great circle distance between New York and London (whose coordinates are given in Exercise 33 ). Again, assume that the circumference of the earth is 25,000 miles.

Anurag Kumar
Anurag Kumar
Numerade Educator
02:43

Problem 36

Al-B?r?ni devised a method for determining the radius $r$ of the earth by sighting the horizon from the top of a mountain of known height $h$. That is, al-B?r?ni assumed that one could measure $\alpha$, the angle of depression from the horizontal at which one sights the apparent horizon (Fig. 9.38). Show that $r$ is determined by the formula
$$
r=\frac{h \cos \alpha}{1-\cos \alpha}
$$
Al-B?r?n? performed this measurement in a particular case, determining that $\alpha=0^{\circ} 34^{\prime}$ as measured from the summit of a mountain of height $652 ; 3,18$ cubits. Calculate the radius of the earth in cubits. Assuming that a cubit equals $18^{\prime \prime}$, convert your answer to miles and compare to a modern value. Comment on the efficacy of al-Bir?ni's procedure.

AG
Ankit Gupta
Numerade Educator
02:51

Problem 37

Show how to determine arcs $\alpha$ and $\beta$ if $\alpha+\beta=\gamma$ is given as well as $\sin \alpha / \sin \beta=r$.

Dale Sanford
Dale Sanford
Numerade Educator
01:15

Problem 38

Use al-T?si's method to solve the spherical triangle with known sides of $40^{\circ}$ and $50^{\circ}$ and with the angle between those sides equal to $25^{\circ}$.

Linh Vu
Linh Vu
Numerade Educator
06:40

Problem 39

Use al-??si's method to solve a spherical triangle with sides $60^{\circ}, 75^{\circ}$, and $31^{\circ}$

Suman Saurav Thakur
Suman Saurav Thakur
Numerade Educator
02:39

Problem 40

Al-T?si demonstrated a method to solve a spherical triangle if all three angles are known. Suppose the three angles of triangle $A B C$ are given (Fig. 9.39), where we assume that all three sides of the triangle are less than a quadrant. We extend each side of the triangle two different ways to form a quadrant. That is, we extend $A B$ to $A D$ and $B H$; $A C$. to $A E$ and $C G$; and $B C$ to $B K$ and $F C$, where all of the six new arcs are quadrants. We then draw great circle arcs through $D$ and $E, F$ and $G$, and $H$ and $K$ to form the new spherical triangle $L M N$. Now the vertices of the original triangle are the poles of the three sides of the new triangle. Then, for example, $M D=E N=90^{\circ}-D E=90^{\circ}-A$, or $M N=180^{\circ}-A$. Thus, the three sides of triangle $L M N$ are known, and therefore the triangle can be solved by the procedure sketched in the text. But we also know that the vertices of triangle $L M N$ are the poles of the original triangle. So, for example, $B F=C K=90^{\circ}-B C$, and $L=F K=180^{\circ}-B C$. We therefore can determine the sides of the original triangle. Use this procedure to solve the triangle $A B C$, where $A=75^{\circ}, B=80^{\circ}$, and $C=85^{\circ}$.

Anurag Kumar
Anurag Kumar
Numerade Educator
02:24

Problem 41

Why did it take many centuries after its introduction for the decimal place value system to become the system of numeration universally used in the Islamic world?

Kim Trang Nguyen
Kim Trang Nguyen
Numerade Educator
02:43

Problem 42

Outline a lesson teaching the quadratic formula using geometric arguments in the style of al-Khw?rizm?.

AA
Amy Alred
Numerade Educator
00:23

Problem 43

Compare and contrast the geometric proofs of the quadratic formulas of al-Khw?rizm? and Th?bit ibn Qurra. Which method would be easier to explain?

Amrita Bhasin
Amrita Bhasin
Numerade Educator
02:23

Problem 44

Design a lesson deriving the multiplicative formula for $C_{k}^{n}$ based on the work of ibn al-Bann?.

Manisha Sarker
Manisha Sarker
Numerade Educator
01:48

Problem 45

Design a lesson for a trigonometry class showing the application of the rules for solving spherical triangles to various interesting problems.

Joshua Eastwood
Joshua Eastwood
Numerade Educator
01:01

Problem 46

Given ibn al-Haytham's "integration" to determine the volume of a paraboloid of revolution and his general rule for determining the sums of $k$ th powers of integers, why did Islamic mathematicians not discover that the area under the curve $y=x^{n}$ was $\frac{x^{n}}{n+1}$ for an arbitrary positive integer $n$ ? What needed to happen in Islamic civilization for Islamic mathematicians to discover calculus?

Raj Bala
Raj Bala
Numerade Educator