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College Physics

Roger A. Freedman; Todd Ruskell; Philip R. Kesten

Chapter 15

Thermodynamics II - all with Video Answers

Educators


Chapter Questions

01:41

Problem 1

Can a system absorb heat without increasing its internal energy? Explain.

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01:30

Problem 2

Why is it possible for the temperature of a system to remain constant even though heat is released or absorbed by the system?

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02:24

Problem 3

In a slow, steady isothermal expansion of an ideal gas against a piston, the work done is equal to the heat input. Is this consistent with the first law of thermodynamics?

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06:37

Problem 4

Clearly define and give an example of each of the following thermodynamic processes: (a) isothermal, (b) adiabatic, (c) isobaric, and (d) isochoric.

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01:45

Problem 5

Why does the temperature of a gas increase when it is quickly compressed?

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02:01

Problem 6

When we say "engine," we think of something mechanical with moving parts. In such an engine friction always reduces the engine's efficiency. Why?

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02:46

Problem 7

Why do engineers designing a steam-electric generating plant always try to design for as high a feed-steam temperature as possible?

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01:33

Problem 8

The frictional drag of the atmosphere causes an orbiting satellite to move closer to Earth and to gain kinetic energy. In what way does energy become unavailable for doing work in this irreversible process?

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01:14

Problem 9

Is the operation of an automobile engine reversible?

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01:20

Problem 10

Is a process necessarily reversible if there is no exchange of heat between the system in which the process takes place and its surroundings?

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02:25

Problem 11

Conduction across a temperature difference is an irreversible process, but the object that lost heat can always be rewarmed, and the one that gained heat can be recooled. An object sliding across a rough table slows down and warms up as mechanical energy dissipates. This process is irreversible, but the object can be cooled and set moving again at its original speed. So in just what sense are these processes "irreversible"?

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02:19

Problem 12

There are people who try to keep cool on a hot summer day by leaving the refrigerator door open, but you can't cool your kitchen this way! Why not?

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02:43

Problem 13

If the coefficient of performance is greater than 1 , do we get more energy out than we put in, violating conservation of energy? Why or why not?

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02:12

Problem 14

How does the time required to freeze water vary with each of the following parameters: mass of water, power of the refrigerator, and temperature of the outside air?

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02:01

Problem 15

How is the entropy of the universe changed when heat is released from a hotter object to a colder one? In what sense does this correspond to energy becoming unavailable for doing work?

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02:18

Problem 16

If you drop a glass cup on the floor, it will shatter into fragments. If you then drop the fragments on the floor, why will they not become a glass cup?

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01:40

Problem 17

Why is the entropy of 1 kg of liquid iron greater than that of $1 \mathrm{~kg}$ of solid iron? Explain your answer.

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01:33

Problem 18

If a gas expands freely into a larger volume in an insulated container so that no heat is added to the gas, its entropy increases. Explain this using the idea that this process is irreversible.

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02:44

Problem 19

In discussing the Carnot cycle, we say that extracting heat from a reservoir isothermally does not change the entropy of the universe. In a real
process, this is a limiting situation that can never quite be reached. Why not? What is the effect on the entropy of the universe?

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01:12

Problem 20

A pot full of hot water is placed in a cold room, and the pot gradually cools. How does the entropy of the water change?

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02:26

Problem 21

An ideal gas trapped inside a thermally isolated cylinder expands slowly by pushing back against a piston. The temperature of the gas
A. increases.
B. decreases.
C. remains the same.
D. increases if the process occurs quickly.
E. remains the same if the process occurs quickly.

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02:25

Problem 22

A gas is compressed adiabatically by a force of $800 \mathrm{~N}$ acting over a distance of $5.0 \mathrm{~cm}$. The net change in the internal energy of the gas is
A. $+800 \mathrm{~J} .$
B. + $40 \mathrm{~J}$.
C. $-800 \mathrm{~J}$.
D. - 40 J.
E. $0 .$

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01:10

Problem 23

An ideal gas is contained in a closed cylinder of fixed length and diameter. Eighty joules of heat is added to the gas. The work done by the gas on the walls of the cylinder is
A. $80 \mathrm{~J}$.
B. $0 \mathrm{~J}$.
C. less than $80 \mathrm{~J}$.
D. more than $80 \mathrm{~J}$.
E. not specified by the information given.

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01:09

Problem 24

In an isothermal process there is no change in
A. pressure.
B. temperature.
C. volume.
D. heat.
E. internal energy or pressure.

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01:21

Problem 25

In an isobaric process there is no change in
A. pressure.
B. temperature.
C. volume.
D. internal energy.
E. internal energy or pressure.

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01:11

Problem 26

In an isochoric process there is no change in
A. pressure.
B. temperature.
C. volume.
D. internal energy.
E. internal energy or pressure.

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01:09

Problem 27

A gas quickly expands in an isolated environment. During the process the gas exchanges no heat with its surroundings. The process is
A. isothermal.
B. isobaric.
C. isochoric.
D. adiabatic.
E. isotonic.

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01:21

Problem 28

The statement that no process is possible in which heat is absorbed from a cold reservoir and transferred completely to a hot reservoir is
A. not always true.
B. only true for isothermal processes.
C. the first law of thermodynamics.
D. the second law of thermodynamics.
E. the zeroth law of thermodynamics.

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01:54

Problem 29

Carnot's heat engine employs
A. two adiabatic processes and two isothermal processes.
B. two adiabatic processes and two isobaric processes.
C two adiabatic processes and two isochoric processes.
D. two isothermal processes and two isochoric processes.
E. two isothermal processes and two isobaric processes. SSM

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03:07

Problem 30

Compare two methods to improve the theoretical efficiency of a heat engine: lower $T_{\mathrm{C}}$ by $10 \mathrm{~K}$ or raise $T_{\mathrm{H}}$ by $10 \mathrm{~K}$. Which one is better?
A. Lower $T_{\mathrm{C}}$ by $10 \mathrm{~K}$.
B. Raise $T_{\mathrm{H}}$ by $10 \mathrm{~K}$.
C. Both changes would give the same result.
D. The better method would depend on the difference between $T_{\mathrm{C}}$ and $T_{\mathrm{H}}$
E. There is nothing you can do to improve the theoretical efficiency of a heat engine.

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03:33

Problem 31

(a) Estimate the work (in J) done in raising a book from the floor to the table. (b) Estimate the temperature rise in a glass of water if that amount of energy were added to it.

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03:58

Problem 32

(a) Estimate the work (in J) done in driving a car across America. (b) If the energy required to do that work were added to an Olympic-sized swimming pool, how much would the temperature of the water rise?

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03:22

Problem 33

Estimate the internal energy increase in a 1-L sample of oxygen that increases in temperature from $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Assume that the volume of this ideal gas is constant in the process.

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02:10

Problem 34

Estimate the pressure acting on a 2-L sample of nitrogen, an ideal gas, when it is held at $300 \mathrm{~K}$.

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01:35

Problem 35

Estimate how much energy is expended by all the runners in the New York City Marathon.

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01:12

Problem 36

Estimate the efficiency of an average internal combustion engine in Canada.

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04:27

Problem 37

Estimate the distance a car can be driven on a tank of gas. Assume that the gas releases 125,000 BTU of energy per gallon. SSM

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04:21

Problem 38

Estimate the amount of energy that is wasted each day in Europe due to an additional inefficiency of $5 \%$ (on top of the thermodynamic efficiency) from cars that are not lubricated properly. You will have to make some assumptions about how many cars are poorly maintained, how far Europeans drive each day, and so on.

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01:28

Problem 39

Estimate the efficiency of the human body acting as a heat engine.

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01:12

Problem 40

If $800 \mathrm{~J}$ of heat is added to a system that does no external work, how much does the internal energy of the system increase?

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01:46

Problem 41

Five hundred joules of heat is absorbed by a system that does $200 \mathrm{~J}$ of work on its surroundings. What is the change in the internal energy of the system?

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02:06

Problem 42

Calculate the amount of work done on a gas that undergoes a change of state described by the $p V$ diagram shown in $\underline{\text { Figure }} 15-21 .$

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02:13

Problem 43

Calculate the amount of work done on a gas that undergoes a change of state described by the $p V$ diagram shown in Figure $15-22$.

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01:36

Problem 44

A gas is heated and is allowed to expand such that it follows a horizontal line path on a $p V$ diagram from its initial state $(1.0 \times 105 \mathrm{~Pa}$, $1.0 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~Pa}, 1.0 \mathrm{~m}^{3}$ ) to its final state $\left(1.0 \times 105 \mathrm{~Pa}, 1.0 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~Pa}, 2.0 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\right)$
Calculate the work done by the gas on its surroundings. Example $15-4$

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01:17

Problem 45

A gas is heated such that it follows a vertical line path on a $p V$ diagram from its initial state $\left(1.0 \times 105 \mathrm{~Pa}, 1.0 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~Pa}, 3.0 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\right)$ to its final state $\left(2.0 \times 105 \mathrm{~Pa}, 2.0 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~Pa}, 3.0 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\right) .$ Calculate the work done by the gas on its
surroundings.

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04:06

Problem 46

A sealed cylinder has a piston and contains $8.00 \times 103 \mathrm{~cm} 3$ $8.00 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{~cm}^{3}$ of an ideal gas at a pressure of $8.00 \mathrm{~atm}$. Heat is slowly introduced, and the gas isothermally expands to $1.60 \times 104 \mathrm{~cm} 31.60 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{~cm}^{3}$ How much work does the gas do on the piston?

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01:42

Problem 47

An ideal gas expands isothermally, performing $8.80 \mathrm{~kJ}$ of work in the process. Calculate the heat absorbed during the expansion.

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02:51

Problem 48

Heat is added to $8.00 \mathrm{~m}^{3}$ of helium gas in an expandable chamber that increases its volume by $2.00 \mathrm{~m}^{3}$. If in the isothermal expansion process $2.00$ kJ of work is done by the gas, what was its original pressure?

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02:24

Problem 49

A cylinder that has a piston contains $2.00 \mathrm{~mol}$ of an ideal gas and undergoes a reversible isothermal expansion at $400 \mathrm{~K}$ from an initial pressure of $12.0$ atm down to $3.00$ atm. Determine the amount of work done by the gas.

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02:59

Problem 50

A gas contained in a cylinder that has a piston is kept at a constant pressure of $2.80 \times 105 \mathrm{~Pa} 2.80 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~Pa}$. The gas expands from $0.500 \mathrm{~m}^{3}$ to $1.50 \mathrm{~m}^{3}$ when $300 \mathrm{~kJ}$ of heat is added to the cylinder. What is the change in internal energy of the gas?

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02:06

Problem 51

The pressure in an ideal gas is slowly reduced to $14^{\frac{1}{4}}$ its initial value, while being kept in a container with rigid walls. In the process $800 \mathrm{~kJ}$ of heat leaves the gas. What is the change in internal energy of the gas during this process?

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01:51

Problem 52

An ideal gas is compressed adiabatically to half its volume. In doing so $1888 \mathrm{~J}$ of work is done on the gas. What is the change in internal energy of the gas?

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02:51

Problem 53

Two moles of an ideal monatomic gas expand adiabatically, performing $8.00 \mathrm{~kJ}$ of work in the process. What is the change in temperature of the gas during the expansion?

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05:16

Problem 54

One mole of an ideal monatomic gas $(\mathrm{y}=1.66),(\gamma=1.66)$, initially at a temperature of $0.00^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, undergoes an adiabatic expansion from a pressure of $10.0$ atm to a pressure of $2.00$ atm. How much work is done on the gas?

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02:43

Problem 55

A container holds $32.0$ g of oxygen gas at a pressure of $8.00$ atm. How much heat is required to increase the temperature by $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ at constant pressure?

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02:24

Problem 56

A container holds $32.0$ g of oxygen gas at a pressure of $8.00$ atm. How much heat is required to increase the temperature by $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ at constant volume?

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04:53

Problem 57

The temperature of $4.00 \mathrm{~g}$ of helium gas is increased at constant volume by $1.00^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Using the same amount of heat, the temperature of what mass of oxygen gas will increase at constant volume by $1.00^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ?

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03:09

Problem 58

Heat is added to $1.00 \mathrm{~mol}$ of air at constant pressure, resulting in a temperature increase of $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If the same amount of heat is instead added at constant volume, what is the temperature increase? The molar specific heat ratio $\mathrm{y}=\mathrm{Cp} / \mathrm{CV}^{\gamma}=C_{p} / C_{V}$ for the air is $1.4 .$

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02:42

Problem 59

The volume of a gas is halved during an adiabatic compression that increases the pressure by a factor of $2.6$. What is the molar specific heat ratio $\mathrm{Y}=\mathrm{Cp} / \mathrm{CV}^{\gamma}=C_{p} / C_{V} ?$

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03:21

Problem 60

The volume of a gas is halved during an adiabatic compression that increases the pressure by a factor of $2.5 .$ By what factor does the temperature increase?

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02:44

Problem 61

What ratio of initial volume to final volume $V_{\mathrm{i}} / V_{\mathrm{f}}$ will raise the temperature of air from $27.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $857^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ in an adiabatic process? The molar specific heat ratio $\mathrm{y}=\mathrm{Cp} / \mathrm{CV}^{\gamma}=C_{p} / C_{V}$ for air is 1.4.

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02:41

Problem 62

A monatomic ideal gas at a pressure of $1.00$ atm expands adiabatically from an initial volume of $1.50 \mathrm{~m}^{3}$ to a final volume of $3.00 \mathrm{~m}^{3}$. What is the new pressure?

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01:50

Problem 63

An engine doing work takes in $10.0 \mathrm{~kJ}$ and exhausts $6.00 \mathrm{~kJ}$. What is the efficiency of the engine?

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01:41

Problem 64

What is the theoretical maximum efficiency of a heat engine operating between $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $500^{\circ} \mathrm{C} $?

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01:55

Problem 65

A heat engine operating between $473 \mathrm{~K}$ and $373 \mathrm{~K}$ runs at $70.0 \%$ of its theoretical maximum efficiency. What is its efficiency?

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02:38

Problem 66

An engine operates between $10.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $200^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. At the very best how much heat should we be prepared to supply in order to output $1.00 \times 103 \mathrm{~J}$ $1.00 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{~J}$ of work?

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02:51

Problem 67

A furnace supplies $28.0 \mathrm{~kW}$ of thermal power at $300^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to an engine that exhausts waste energy at $20.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. At the very best how much work could we expect to get out of the system per second?

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01:51

Problem 68

A kitchen refrigerator extracts $75.0$ kJ per second of energy from a cool chamber while exhausting $1.00 \times 102 \mathrm{~kJ} 1.00 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{~kJ}$ per second to the room. What is its coefficient of performance?

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01:29

Problem 69

What is the coefficient of performance of a Carnot refrigerator operating between $0.00^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $80.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C} $?

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02:06

Problem 70

An electric refrigerator removes $13.0 \mathrm{MJ}$ of heat from its interior for each kilowatt-hour of electric energy used. What is its coefficient of performance?

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04:07

Problem 71

A certain refrigerator requires $35.0$ J of work to remove $190 \mathrm{~J}$ of heat from its interior. (a) What is its coefficient of performance? (b) How much heat is ejected to the surroundings at $22.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ? (c) If the refrigerator cycle is reversible, what is the temperature inside the refrigerator?

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01:12

Problem 72

A reservoir at a temperature of $400 \mathrm{~K}$ gains $100 \mathrm{~J}$ of heat from another reservoir. What is its entropy change?

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01:21

Problem 73

What is the minimum change of entropy that occurs in $0.200 \mathrm{~kg}$ of ice at
$273 \mathrm{~K}$ when $6.68 \times 104 \mathrm{~J} 6.68 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{~J}$ of heat is added so that it melts to water?

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02:04

Problem 74

If, in a reversible process, enough heat is added to change a 500 -g block of ice to water at a temperature of $273 \mathrm{~K}$, what is the change in the entropy of the ice/water system?

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01:31

Problem 75

A room is at a constant $295 \mathrm{~K}$ maintained by an air conditioner that pumps heat out. What is the entropy change of the room for each $5.00 \mathrm{~kJ}$ of heat removed?

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02:08

Problem 76

One mole of ideal gas expands isothermally from $1.00 \mathrm{~m}^{3}$ to $2.00 \mathrm{~m}^{3}$. What is the entropy change for the gas?

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02:43

Problem 77

A $1.80 \times 103-\mathrm{kg} 1.80 \times 10^{3}$ -kg car traveling at $80.0 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ crashes into a concrete wall. If the temperature of the air is $27.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, what is the entropy change of the universe as a result of the crash? Assume all of the car's kinetic energy is converted into heat.

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02:54

Problem 78

A $1.00 \times 103-\mathrm{kg}^{1.00} \times 10^{3}-\mathrm{kg}$ rock at $20.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ falls $1.00 \times 102 \mathrm{~m}$
$1.00 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{~m}$ into a large lake, also at $20.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Assuming that all of the rock's kinetic energy on entering the lake converts to thermal energy absorbed by the lake, what is the change in entropy of the lake?

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01:54

Problem 79

The surface of the Sun is about $5700 \mathrm{~K}$, and the temperature of Earth's surface is about $293 \mathrm{~K}$. What entropy change occurs when $8000 \mathrm{~J}$ of energy is transferred by heat from the Sun to Earth?

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03:14

Problem 80

A 0.750-L cup of coffee at $70^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is left outside where the temperature is $4^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. When the coffee reaches thermal equilibrium with the atmosphere, by how much has the entropy of the atmosphere changed? Assume the properties of coffee are identical to those of water.

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02:44

Problem 81

A balloon containing $0.50$ mol of helium in a $20.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ chamber undergoes an isothermal expansion as the pressure in the chamber is slowly reduced. If the pressure drops to half its initial value during this process, what is the entropy change of the helium?

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07:43

Problem 82

A vertical, insulated cylinder contains an ideal gas. The top of the
cylinder is closed off by a piston of mass $m$ that is free to move up and down with no appreciable friction. The piston is a height $h$ above the bottom of the cylinder when the gas alone supports it. Sand is now very slowly poured onto the piston until the weight of the sand is equal to the weight of the piston. Find the new height of the piston (in terms of $h$ ) if the ideal gas in the cylinder is (a) oxygen, $\mathrm{O}_{2}$; (b) helium, He; on
(c) hydrogen, $\mathrm{H}_{2}$.

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05:50

Problem 83

A Carnot engine on a ship extracts heat from seawater at $18.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and exhausts the heat to evaporating dry ice at $-78.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If the ship's engines are to run at $8.00 \times 1038.00 \times 10^{3}$ horsepower, what is the minimum amount of dry ice the ship must carry for the ship to run for a single day?

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03:16

Problem 84

A Carnot engine removes $1.20 \times 103 \mathrm{~J} 1.20 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{~J}$ of heat from a hightemperature source and dumps $6.00 \times 102 \mathrm{~J} 6.00 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{~J}$ to the atmosphere at $20.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. (a) What is the efficiency of the engine? (b) What is the temperature of the hot reservoir?

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06:38

Problem 85

A certain engine has a second-law efficiency of $85.0 \%$. During each cycle it absorbs $4.80 \times 102 \mathrm{~J} 4.80 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{~J}$ of heat from a reservoir at $300^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and dumps $3.00 \times 102 \mathrm{~J} 3.00 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{~J}$ of heat to a cold temperature reservoir. (a) What is the temperature of the cold reservoir? (b) How much more work could be done by a Carnot engine working between the same two reservoirs and extracting the same $4.80 \times 102 \mathrm{~J} 4.80 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{~J}$ of heat in each cycle?

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03:37

Problem 86

A refrigerator is rated at $370 \mathrm{~W}$. Its interior is at $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and its surroundings are at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If the second law efficiency of its cycle is $66 \%$, how much heat can it remove from its interior in 1 min? Example $15-8$

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06:18

Problem 87

Medical During a high fever a $60.0$ -kg-patient's normal metabolism is increased by $10.0 \%$. This results in an increase of $10.0 \%$ in the heat given off by the person. When the person slowly walks up five flights of stairs (20.0 $\mathrm{m}$ ), she normally releases $1.00 \times 105 \mathrm{~J} 1.00 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~J}$ of heat. Compare her efficiency when she has a fever to when her temperature is normal.

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07:11

Problem 88

A rigid 5.50-L pressure cooker contains steam initially at $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ under a pressure of $1.00$ atm. Consult Table $15-1$ as needed and assume that the
values given there remain constant. The mass of a water molecule is $2.99 \times 10-26 \mathrm{~kg} 2.99 \times 10^{-26} \mathrm{~kg}$. (a) To what temperature (in ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ) would you
have to heat the steam so that its pressure was $1.25$ atm? (b) How much heat would you need in part (a)? (c) Calculate the specific heat of the steam in part
(a) in units of $\mathrm{J} /(\mathrm{kg} \cdot \mathrm{K})$.

Vipender Yadav
Vipender Yadav
Numerade Educator
02:05

Problem 89

Liquid nitrogen, with a latent heat of fusion of $\mathrm{LF}=25.3 \times 103 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{kg}$, $L_{\mathrm{F}}=25.3 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{kg}$, solidifies at a temperature of $63 \mathrm{~K}$. What is the change in entropy of a 1.5-kg sample of liquid nitrogen as it transitions from a liquid to a solid?

Vipender Yadav
Vipender Yadav
Numerade Educator
04:50

Problem 90

A certain electric generating plant produces electricity by using steam that enters its turbine at a temperature of $320^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and leaves it at $40^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Over the course of a year, the plant consumes $4.40 \times 1016 \mathrm{~J} 4.40 \times 10^{16} \mathrm{~J}$ of heat and produces an average electric power output of $600 \mathrm{MW}$. What is its second law efficiency?

Vipender Yadav
Vipender Yadav
Numerade Educator
05:23

Problem 91

As we drill down into the rocks of Earth's crust, the temperature typically increases by $3.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ for every $100 \mathrm{~m}$ of depth. Oil wells can be drilled to depths of $1830 \mathrm{~m}$. If water is pumped into the shaft of the well, it will be heated by the hot rock at the bottom and the resulting steam can be used as a heat engine. Assume that the surface temperature is $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. (a) Using such a 1830 -m well as a heat engine, what is the maximum efficiency possible? (b) If a combination of such wells is to produce a 2.5-MW power plant, how much energy will it absorb from the interior of Earth each day?

Vipender Yadav
Vipender Yadav
Numerade Educator
08:16

Problem 92

The energy efficiency ratio (or rating) - the EER-for air conditioners, refrigerators, and freezers is defined as the ratio of the input rate of heat $(|Q C| / t$, in $\mathrm{BTU} / \mathrm{h})$ to the output rate of work $(\mathrm{W} / \mathrm{t}$, in $\mathrm{W})$ :
$\mathrm{EER}=\mathrm{QC} / \mathrm{t}(\mathrm{BTU} / \mathrm{hr}) \mathrm{W} / \mathrm{t}(\mathrm{W})^{\mathrm{EER}}=\frac{Q_{\mathrm{C}} / t(\mathrm{BTU} / \mathrm{hr})}{W / t(\mathrm{~W})}$. (a) Show that the EER can
be expressed as $\mathrm{QC}(\mathrm{BTU}) \mathrm{W}(\mathrm{W} \cdot \mathrm{h})^{\frac{Q_{\mathrm{C}}(\mathrm{BTU})}{W(\mathrm{~W} \cdot \mathrm{h})}}$ and is therefore nothing more
than the coefficient of performance CP expressed in mixed units. (b) Show that the EER is related to the coefficient of performance $C P$ by the equation $\mathrm{CP}=\mathrm{EER} / 3.412^{C P}=\mathrm{EER} / 3.412$. (c) Typical home freezers have EER ratings of about $5.1$ and operate between an interior freezer temperature of $0.00^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ and an outside kitchen temperature of about $70.0^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$. What is the coefficient of performance for such a freezer, and how does it compare to the coefficient of performance of the best possible freezer operating between those temperatures? (d) What is the EER of the best possible freezer in part (c)?

Vipender Yadav
Vipender Yadav
Numerade Educator
08:39

Problem 93

Your energy-efficient home freezer has an EER of $6.50$ (see Problem 15-92). In preparation for a picnic you put $1.50 \mathrm{~L}$ of water at $20.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ into the freezer to make ice at $0.00^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ for your ice chest. (See Tables $11-1, \underline{14-3}$, and 14-4 as needed.) (a) How much electrical energy (which runs the freezer) is required to make the ice? Express your answer in J and kWh. (b) How much heat is ejected into your kitchen, which is at $22.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ during the process? (c) How much does making the ice change the entropy of your kitchen?

Vipender Yadav
Vipender Yadav
Numerade Educator
05:35

Problem 94

The volume of air taken in during a typical breath is $0.5 \mathrm{~L}$. The inhaled air is heated to $37^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ (the internal body temperature) as it enters the lungs. Because air is about $80 \%$ nitrogen $\mathrm{N}_{2}$, we can model it as an ideal gas. Suppose that the outside air is at room temperature $\left(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$ and that you take two breaths every $3.0 \mathrm{~s}$. Assume that the pressure does not change during the process. (a) How many joules of heat does it take to warm the air in a single breath? (b) How many food calories (kcal) are used up per day in heating the air you breathe? Is this a significant amount of typical daily caloric intake?

Vipender Yadav
Vipender Yadav
Numerade Educator
04:00

Problem 95

A heat engine works in a cycle between reservoirs at $273 \mathrm{~K}$ and $490 \mathrm{~K}$. In each cycle, the engine absorbs $1250 \mathrm{~J}$ of heat from the high-temperature reservoir and does $475 \mathrm{~J}$ of work. (a) What is its efficiency? (b) By how much is the entropy of the universe changed when the engine goes through one full cycle? (c) How much energy becomes unavailable for doing work when the engine goes through one full cycle?

Vipender Yadav
Vipender Yadav
Numerade Educator
01:49

Problem 96

You have a cabin on the plains of central Saskatchewan. It is built on a 8.50-m by 12.5-m rectangular foundation with walls $3.00 \mathrm{~m}$ tall. The wooden walls and flat roof are made of white pine that is $9.00 \mathrm{~cm}$ thick. To conserve heat the windows are negligibly small. The floor is well insulated, so you lose negligible heat through it. The cabin is heated by an electrically powered heat pump operating on the Carnot cycle between the inside and outside air. When the outside temperature is a frigid $-10.0^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$, how much electrical energy does the heat pump consume per second to keep the interior temperature a steady and toasty $70.0^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ ? Assume that the surfaces of the walls and roof are at the same temperature as the air with which they are in contact and neglect radiation. (Consult Table 14-5 as needed.)

Manish Jain
Manish Jain
Numerade Educator
02:23

Problem 97

ports In an international diving competition divers fall from a platform $10.0 \mathrm{~m}$ above the surface of the water into a very large pool. The diver leaves the platform with negligible initial speed. What is the maximum change in the entropy of the water in the pool at $25.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ when a $75.0$ -kg diver executes his dive? Does the pool's entropy increase or decrease?

Vipender Yadav
Vipender Yadav
Numerade Educator
04:00

Problem 98

A heat engine works in a cycle between reservoirs at 273 and $490 \mathrm{~K}$. In each cycle the engine absorbs $1250 \mathrm{~J}$ of heat from the high-temperature reservoir and does $475 \mathrm{~J}$ of work. (a) What is its efficiency? (b) What is the change in entropy of the universe when the engine goes through one complete cycle? (c) How much energy becomes unavailable for doing work when the engine goes through one complete cycle?

Vipender Yadav
Vipender Yadav
Numerade Educator
02:28

Problem 99

A $68.0$ -kg person typically eats about 2250 kcal per day, $20.0 \%$ of which goes to mechanical energy and the rest to heat. If she spends most of her time in her apartment at $22.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, how much does the entropy of her apartment change in one day? Does the entropy of the apartment increase or decrease?

Vipender Yadav
Vipender Yadav
Numerade Educator
01:31

Problem 100

Consider an engine in which the working substance is $1.23$ mol of an ideal gas for which $_{\gamma}=1.41^{\gamma}=1.41$ The engine runs reversibly in the cycle shown on the $p V$ diagram (Figure 15-23). The cycle consists of an isobaric (constant-pressure) expansion $a$ at a pressure of $15.0$ atm, during which the temperature of the gas increases from 300 to $600 \mathrm{~K}$, followed by an isothermal expansion $b$ until its pressure becomes $3.00$ atm. Next is an isobaric compression $c$ at a pressure of $3.00$ atm, during which the temperature decreases from 600 to $300 \mathrm{~K}$, followed by an isothermal compression $d$ until its pressure returns to 15 atm. Find the work done by the gas, the heat absorbed by the gas, the internal energy change, and the entropy change of the gas, first for each part of the cycle and then for the complete cycle.

Manish Jain
Manish Jain
Numerade Educator