Book cover for Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction

Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction

William D. Callister, Jr. David G. Rethwisch

ISBN #9780471736967

7th Edition

771 Questions

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Summary

Learning Objectives

Key Concepts

Example Problems

Explanations

Common Mistakes

Summary

This section comprehensively explores the magnetic properties of materials. It begins by introducing the basic concepts of magnetic fields, including definitions of H, B, and permeability, and explains how magnetization arises from electron orbital and spin contributions. The text distinguishes various magnetic behaviors—diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, ferrimagnetism, and antiferromagnetism—detailing their mechanisms, hysteresis effects, and the importance of domain structures. Additionally, the material covers both soft and hard magnetic materials, underlining their practical applications, and concludes with an overview of superconductivity, its critical parameters, and its technological potential.

Learning Objectives

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Key Concepts

CONCEPT

DEFINITION

Ceramics Fabrication Techniques

The methods and processes used for shaping, forming, and consolidating ceramic materials into final products with desired properties.

Example Problems

Example 1

A coil of wire $0.25 \mathrm{m}$ long and having 400 turns carries a current of $15 \mathrm{A}$. (a) What is the magnitude of the magnetic field strength $H ?$ (b) Compute the flux density $B$ if the coil is in a vacuum. (c) Compute the flux density inside a bar of chromium that is positioned within the coil. The susceptibility for chromium is found in Table 20.2. (d) Compute the magnitude of the magnetization $M$.

Example 2

Demonstrate that the relative permeability and the magnetic susceptibility are related according to Equation 20.7.

Example 3

It is possible to express the magnetic susceptibility $\chi_{m}$ in several different units. For the discussion of this chapter, $\chi_{m}$ was used to designate the volume susceptibility in SI units, that is, the quantity that gives the magnetization per unit volume $\left(\mathrm{m}^{3}\right)$ of material when multiplied by $H$. The mass susceptibility $\chi_{m}(\mathrm{kg})$ yields the magnetic moment (or magnetization) per kilogram of material when multiplied by $H ;$ and, similarly, the atomic susceptibility $\chi_{m}(\text { a })$ gives the magnetization per kilogram-mole. The latter two quantities are related to $\chi_{m}$ through the relationships $$\begin{aligned}\chi_{m} &=\chi_{m}(\mathrm{kg}) \times \text { mass density }\left(\mathrm{in} \mathrm{kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\right) \\\chi_{m}(\mathrm{a}) &=\chi_{m}(\mathrm{kg}) \times \text { atomic weight }(\mathrm{in} \mathrm{kg})\end{aligned}$$ When using the cgs-emu system, comparable parameters exist, which may be designated by $\chi_{m}^{\prime}, \chi_{m}^{\prime}(\mathrm{g}),$ and $\chi_{m}^{\prime}(\mathrm{a})$; the $\chi_{m}$ and $\chi_{m}^{\prime}$ are related in accordance with Table 20.1 From Table $20.2, \quad \chi_{m}$ for copper is $-0.96 \times 10^{-5} ;$ convert this value into the other five susceptibilities.

Example 4

(a) Explain the two sources of magnetic moments for electrons. (b) Do all electrons have a net magnetic moment? Why or why not? (c) Do all atoms have a net magnetic moment? Why or why not?

Example 5

The magnetic flux density within a bar of some material is 0.630 tesla at an $H$ field of $5 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{A} / \mathrm{m} .$ Compute the following for this material: (a) the magnetic permeability, and (b) the magnetic susceptibility. (c) What type(s) of magnetism would you suggest is(are) being displayed by this material? Why?

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