Audra Reece

Lee University
Adjunct faculty-biology

Biography

I received my bachelor's degree in biology in 2015. I have taught biology and anatomy labs at a community college since fall of 2018. I am very passionate about biology education.

Education

BS Biological science
Lee University

Educator Statistics

Numerade tutor for 6 years
32 Students Helped

Topics Covered

Survival of the Fittest: Life Through a Darwinian Approach
Exploring Population Evolution: Trends and Insights
The Fascinating History of Life: From Origins to Present
Discover the Power of the Cell: Unleash Your Potential with Our Products
Discover the Differences Between Bacteria and Archaea
Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids: The Building Blocks of Life

Audra's Textbook Answer Videos

05:09
Biology

Choose the correct order of primate evolution, from the oldest to the most recent group.
a. prosimians—anthropoids—hominoids—hominids—hominees
b. hominees—hominids—hominoids—anthropoids—prosimians
c. prosimians—anthropoids—hominees—hominids—hominoids
d. anthropoids—hominees—hominids—hominoids—prosimians

Chapter 30: Human Evolution
Audra Reece
01:22
Campbell Biology

Fossilized stromatolites
a. formed around deep-sea vents.
b. resemble structures formed by bacterial communities that are found today in some shallow marine bays.
c. provide evidence that plants moved onto land in the company of fungi around 500 million years ago.
d. contain the first undisputed fossils of eukaryotes and date from 1.8 billion years ago.

Chapter 25: The History of Life on Earth
Audra Reece
01:13
Campbell Biology

The oxygen revolution changed Earth's environment dramatically. Which of the following took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere?
a. the evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules
b. the persistence of some animal groups in anaerobic habitats
c. the evolution of photosynthetic pigments that protected early algae from the corrosive effects of oxygen
d. the evolution of chloroplasts after early protists incorporated photosynthetic cyanobacteria

Chapter 25: The History of Life on Earth
Audra Reece
01:56
Campbell Biology

Which factor most likely caused animals and plants in India to differ greatly from species in nearby southeast Asia?
a. The species became separated by convergent evolution.
b. The climates of the two regions are similar.
c. India is in the process of separating from the rest of Asia.
d. India was a separate continent until 45 million years ago.

Chapter 25: The History of Life on Earth
Audra Reece
01:34
Campbell Biology

Which of the following steps has not yet been accomplished by scientists studying the origin of life?
a. synthesis of small RNA polymers by ribozymes
b. formation of molecular aggregates with selectively permeable membranes
c. formation of protocells that use DNA to direct the polymerization of amino acids
d. abiotic synthesis of organic molecules

Chapter 25: The History of Life on Earth
Audra Reece
02:40
Campbell Biology

A swim bladder is a gas-filled sac that helps fish maintain buoyancy. The evolution of the swim bladder from the airbreathing organ (a simple lung) of an ancestral fish is an example of
a. exaptation.
b. changes in Hox gene expression.
c. paedomorphosis.
d. adaptive radiation.

Chapter 25: The History of Life on Earth
Audra Reece
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Audra's Quick Ask Videos

02:34
Biology

Suppose the human trait for hair type is controlled by a simple
dominant and recessive relationship at one locus. Curly hair, C, is
the dominant allele, and straight hair, c, is the recessive allele.
In a college genetics class, the professor takes a tally of
students who have curly hair and of students with straight hair. In
this class of 123 students, 98 have curly hair. Calculate the
frequency of the dominant allele, C, and the heterozygous genotype,
Cc. Express the frequencies in decimal form rounded to the nearest
thousandth. Assume the class is in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium for
this trait.
frequency of C:
frequency of Cc:

Audra Reece
02:02
Biology

Which of the following is true of human evolution?
One answer must be chosen:
1. Modern man (Homo sapiens) and mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei) had a common ancestor.
2. Neanderthal man (Homo neanderthalensis) became extinct before the advent of modern man (Homo sapiens).
3. Modern man (Homo sapiens) evolved from the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).
4. In all apes, the point of connection of the spine is in the center of the skull.

Audra Reece
01:31
Biology

I need answers to these questions, and I do not need explanations. Thanks.
24. What evolutionary advantage do flowers provide to angiosperms?
They metabolize sunlight faster than plants without flowers.
They prevent predation by herbivores, as their bright colors serve as a warning to keep away.
They develop a cooperative evolutionary relationship with pollinators, which deliver pollen to female gametophytes more directly.
They provide shade and protection from sunlight in hot climates.
25. What evolutionary challenges did plants face and have to adapt to when they colonized land?
Strategies to avoid drying out
Ways to disperse reproductive cells in the air
Ways to filter sunlight
Structural support to resist gravity in the air
All of the above
26. Which term refers to a large opening on a sponge through which water flows?
Osculum
Spicule
Mesohyl
Mesoglea
27. Which of the following is a diploblast?
A comb jelly
A goat
A spider
An octopus
28. Which of the following characteristics distinguishes birds from reptiles?
Reptiles have only one single middle ear bone, while birds have two or more.
The shape of their occipital condyles allows birds to rotate their heads more than reptiles can.
Birds are endothermic.
Birds and reptiles have distinctly different jawbone morphologies.
29. The deuterostome phyla include
Chordata and Mollusca
Echinodermata and Cnidaria
Porifera and Cnidaria
Chordata and Cnidaria
Chordata and Echinodermata
31. The common garden snail lacks a vertebrae and is a member of the mollusk phylum; therefore, it is a deuterostome.
True False
32. Which of the following includes all the chordates except tunicates and lancelets?
Craniates
Ostracoderms
Myxini
Chondrichthyes

Audra Reece
03:13
Biology

Red hair (autosomal recessive) is found in approximately 4% of the people in Norway. If we assume that the Norwegian population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with respect to hair color:
A) What are the frequencies of the red hair (r) and non-red (R) alleles?
B) What is the frequency of heterozygotes?
C) What is the proportion of matings that CANNOT have a child with red hair? Show work.

Audra Reece
01:09
Biology


You are a biologist on a trip to an island in the South
Pacific. While there, you are allowed to collect DNA samples from a
local species of rat that resembles a species seen on a nearby
continent. If your DNA analysis also indicates the two species are
closely related, you might conclude that the evolution of the two
separate species was an example of _____ through _____.
allopatric speciation; vicariance
sympatric speciation; dispersal
allopatric speciation; dispersal
sympatric speciation; vicariance

Audra Reece
03:32
Biology

Now that we have practiced using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
equation, let’s apply it to real field data collected on rock
pocket mice. In this data, we will compare the gene pools of
populations of pocket mice caught on light colored
surfaces vs dark colored surfaces to show how
environmental selection effects the gene
pool. The data collected is summarized
in the table below:
Environment
Light Colored Surface
Dark Colored Surface
Mice with light-colored fur
120
3
Mice with dark-colored fur
48
54
Total number of mice caught
168
57
Calculate the overall frequencies of light-colored mice and
dark-colored mice caught on dark-colored
substrates. Remember that light fur is recessive and dark
fur is dominant.
*The frequency of light-colored
mice is equal to
*The allele frequency of dark-colored
mice is equal to
Calculate the allele frequencies of p and q in the populations
of mice caught on light-colored
surfaces.
*p is equal to
*q is equal to
Hardy-Weinberg Equation: p2+2pq+q2=1
Using the Hardy-Weinberg equation and data from the table above,
determine the frequency of mice with the homozygous dominant,
heterozygous, and homozygous recessive genotypes on
the dark, rocky lava substrate.
*The frequency of the homozygous dominant
genotype is
*The frequency of the heterozygous
genotype is
*The frequency of the homozygous recessive
genotype is

Audra Reece
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