Consider the semantic categories of affixes discussed in Section 3.3 .3. First look at the dat

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Consider the semantic categories of affixes discussed in ...

Consider the semantic categories of affixes discussed in $\underline{\underline{\text { Section }} 3.3 .3}$. First look at the data below from the Yuman language Hualapai, spoken in northern Arizona. Assume that a process of affixation creates the pairs of verbs in this language. What semantic category would you place these affixes in? (Data from Watahomigie, Bender, and Yamamoto 1982: 280.) $$ \begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|} \hline \text { dabs } & \begin{array}{l} \text { To frrow towond } \\ \text { the apesoler } \end{array} & \text { damk } & \begin{array}{l} \text { bo throw from } \\ \text { the specker } \end{array} \\ \hline \text { ext } & \begin{array}{l} \text { 7o gvermeorice } \\ \text { (towod me)' } \end{array} & \text { exk } & \text { po sendf } \\ \hline \text { hack } & \text { lo bok this way? } & \text { haink } & \text { to look over thet wyy } \\ \hline \text { inult } & \begin{array}{l} \text { Tasend one persory } \\ \text { arimal townd } \\ \text { the spedier } \end{array} & \text { humk } & \begin{array}{l} \text { to send one person? } \\ \text { arimd avay? } \end{array} \\ \hline \text { unt } & \text { ho come and vee? } & \text { Mrmk } & \text { 'bogo and see' } \\ \hline \text { yode } & \text { Bo come home } & \text { vomk } & \text { bogh horre' } \\ \hline \end{array} $$

Consider the semantic categories of affixes discussed in $\underline{\underline{\text { Section }} 3.3 .3}$. First look at the data below from the Yuman language Hualapai, spoken in northern Arizona. Assume that a process of affixation creates the pairs of verbs in this language. What semantic category would you place these affixes in? (Data from Watahomigie, Bender, and Yamamoto 1982: 280.)
$$
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline \text { dabs } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { To frrow towond } \\
\text { the apesoler }
\end{array} & \text { damk } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { bo throw from } \\
\text { the specker }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { ext } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { 7o gvermeorice } \\
\text { (towod me)' }
\end{array} & \text { exk } & \text { po sendf } \\
\hline \text { hack } & \text { lo bok this way? } & \text { haink } & \text { to look over thet wyy } \\
\hline \text { inult } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Tasend one persory } \\
\text { arimal townd } \\
\text { the spedier }
\end{array} & \text { humk } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { to send one person? } \\
\text { arimd avay? }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { unt } & \text { ho come and vee? } & \text { Mrmk } & \text { 'bogo and see' } \\
\hline \text { yode } & \text { Bo come home } & \text { vomk } & \text { bogh horre' } \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$

Key Concepts

Morphological Pairs

Morphological pairs refer to sets of related words that differ only by the addition of an affix, which creates a contrasting meaning. In the provided data, each pair of verbs likely differs only by the affix they bear, allowing linguists to isolate the semantic effect of the affix. Recognizing such pairs is crucial to pinpoint the semantic contribution of the affix to the overall meaning of the verb.

Directional/Locative Affixes

Directional or locative affixes are affixes that encode spatial information, particularly the direction of motion or location in relation to a reference point. In the example data, the affixes appear to be used to indicate directions such as 'toward' versus 'away from' a landmark or object, thereby modifying the basic meaning of the verbs to incorporate spatial relations.

Affixation

Affixation is the process by which a morpheme (an affix) is attached to a root or a stem to alter its meaning or function. In morphology, this technique is used to create new words or to express grammatical relationships such as tense, case, aspect, or direction, as seen in the data provided.

Semantic Categories in Morphology

Semantic categories in morphology refer to the broader classes of meaning that affixes can encode. This includes categories such as tense, aspect, modality, and spatial relations. In the context of the question, the focus is on determining which semantic category these affixes belong to based on how they modify the meaning of the verb.

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