A concentrated hydrochloric acid solution contains 36.0 % HCl (density =1.18 g / mL ). How many

step 1 To calculate the volume of concentrated HCL that we need, we first need to determine a few other

A concentrated hydrochloric acid solution contains 36.0 %...

A concentrated hydrochloric acid solution contains $36.0 \% \mathrm{HCl}$ (density $=1.18 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$ ). How many liters are required to produce 10.0 L of a solution that has a pH of $2.05 ?$

Key Concepts

Dilution Principle

The dilution principle is based on the conservation of moles of solute when a solution is diluted. It is summarized in the equation M?V? = M?V?, where M? and V? are the molarity and volume of the initial concentrated solution, and M? and V? are those for the diluted solution. This concept is critical when calculating how much of a concentrated solution is required to prepare a solution of a desired lower concentration.

Molarity Calculation

Molarity is a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution, expressed in moles per liter (M). Converting a mass percentage (using density) to molarity involves determining the mass of the solute in a given volume, then using the substance's molar mass to convert that mass to moles. This concept is key in quantifying how concentrated a stock acid solution is.

pH and Hydrogen Ion Concentration

The concept of pH is central to acid–base chemistry and is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration (pH = -log[H?]). Calculating the hydrogen ion concentration from pH is essential when determining the molarity of an acid solution, as it directly relates to the concentration of active protons in the solution.

Mass Percentage Concentration and Density

Mass percentage concentration is a way of expressing the concentration of a component in a mixture, indicating what fraction of the total mass is contributed by that component. When combined with density, which relates mass to volume, it enables the conversion from a percentage by mass to an absolute mass per unit volume, facilitating further calculations needed in solution chemistry.

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