A railroad tank car derails and spills 26 tons of...

A railroad tank car derails and spills 26 tons of concentrated sulfuric acid ( 1 ton $=907.185 \mathrm{kg}$ ). The acid is $98.0 \% \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}$ with a density of $1.836 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$. (a) What is the molarity of the acid? (b) Sodium carbonate, $\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}$, is used to neutralize the acid spill. Determine the kilograms of sodium carbonate required to completely neutralize the acid. (Chapter 4) (c) How many liters of carbon dioxide at $18^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $745 \mathrm{mm} \mathrm{Hg}$ are produced by this reaction? (Chapter 5 )

A railroad tank car derails and spills 26 tons of concentrated sulfuric acid ( 1 ton $=907.185 \mathrm{kg}$ ). The acid is $98.0 \% \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}$ with a density of $1.836 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$.
(a) What is the molarity of the acid?
(b) Sodium carbonate, $\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}$, is used to neutralize the acid spill. Determine the kilograms of sodium carbonate required to completely neutralize the acid. (Chapter 4)
(c) How many liters of carbon dioxide at $18^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $745 \mathrm{mm} \mathrm{Hg}$ are produced by this reaction? (Chapter 5 )

Key Concepts

Molarity Calculation

Molarity is a measure of concentration defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. Calculating molarity involves converting the mass of the solute (after accounting for percent purity) to moles using its molar mass, and then dividing by the solution volume, which may be determined using the solution’s density. This concept is central to many quantitative aspects of solution chemistry.

Density and Mass Percent Composition

Density relates mass and volume, allowing the calculation of a solution's total volume if its mass is known. Mass percent composition indicates the proportion of the solute in the solution by mass. In problems involving solution composition, these properties are used together to determine the actual amount of the active chemical present, as seen when inferring the quantity of pure acid from a concentrated solution.

Stoichiometry in Acid-Base Reactions

Stoichiometry involves using the balanced chemical equation to relate the amounts of reactants and products. In acid-base neutralizations, this requires knowing the mole ratios between the acid and the base to calculate how much neutralizing compound is needed, or to predict the amount of product formed. This ensures that reactants are accurately interconverted based on their molar relationships.

Ideal Gas Law

The Ideal Gas Law, expressed as PV = nRT, relates the pressure, volume, number of moles, and temperature of a gas. This law is used to determine the volume that a specific amount of gas, such as carbon dioxide, occupies under non-standard conditions. Understanding this concept allows chemists to predict gas behavior in reactions or during gas evolution processes.

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