Mathematically, it is expressed as:
\[
\Phi_E = \oint_S \mathbf{E} \cdot d\mathbf{A} = \frac{Q_{\text{enc}}}{\epsilon_0}
\]
where \(\Phi_E\) is the electric flux through a closed surface \(S\), \(\mathbf{E}\) is the electric field, \(d\mathbf{A}\) is the vector
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