Complete and balance the following nuclear equations by...

Complete and balance the following nuclear equations by supplying the missing particle: (a) ${ }_{98}^{252} \mathrm{Cf}+{ }_{5}^{10} \mathrm{~B} \longrightarrow 3{ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n}+?$ (b) ${ }_{1}^{2} \mathrm{H}+{ }_{2}^{3} \mathrm{He} \longrightarrow{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}+$ ? (c) ${ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H}+{ }_{5}^{11} \mathrm{~B} \longrightarrow 3$ ? (d) ${ }_{53}^{122} \mathrm{I} \longrightarrow{ }_{54}^{122} \mathrm{Xe}+?$ (e) $\frac{59}{26} \mathrm{Fe} \longrightarrow{ }_{-1}^{0} \mathrm{e}+?$

Complete and balance the following nuclear equations by supplying the missing particle:
(a) ${ }_{98}^{252} \mathrm{Cf}+{ }_{5}^{10} \mathrm{~B} \longrightarrow 3{ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n}+?$
(b) ${ }_{1}^{2} \mathrm{H}+{ }_{2}^{3} \mathrm{He} \longrightarrow{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}+$ ?
(c) ${ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H}+{ }_{5}^{11} \mathrm{~B} \longrightarrow 3$ ?
(d) ${ }_{53}^{122} \mathrm{I} \longrightarrow{ }_{54}^{122} \mathrm{Xe}+?$
(e) $\frac{59}{26} \mathrm{Fe} \longrightarrow{ }_{-1}^{0} \mathrm{e}+?$

Key Concepts

Conservation Laws in Nuclear Reactions

In any nuclear reaction, both the mass number (total number of nucleons) and the atomic number (total number of protons) must be conserved. This principle is used to determine the identity and number of missing particles or nuclei when balancing nuclear equations, ensuring that the sum of these numbers remains constant on both sides of the equation.

Nuclear Equation Notation and Balancing

Nuclear reactions are represented by equations where each nucleus is identified by its mass number (upper left) and atomic number (lower left). Balancing these equations involves matching these numbers on both sides, much like balancing chemical equations, but with additional attention to subatomic particles such as neutrons and electrons that may be involved in the process.

Subatomic Particles in Nuclear Reactions

Key subatomic particles include neutrons, protons, and electrons (or beta particles). In nuclear equations, neutrons are denoted as 0¹n and electrons as -1?e. The emission or absorption of these particles plays a crucial role in nuclear transformations, with specific particles accounting for changes in mass and/or charge.

Beta Decay

Beta decay is a process in which a neutron is converted into a proton (or vice versa) within a nucleus, resulting in the emission of a beta particle. In beta-minus decay, a neutron transforms into a proton with the emission of an electron and an antineutrino, leading to an increase in the atomic number while the mass number remains unchanged. This concept is essential for understanding transformations where a nucleus emits an electron or alters its proton count.

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